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Topic Review
Heat Stress Affect Intestinal Mucosa
Metabolic adaptations and gut dysfunction lead to oxidative stress, translocation of lumen contents, and release of proinflammatory mediators, activating a systemic inflammatory response.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Using Milk Replacers on Goat Carcass
Since goat milk has a higher value than kid meat in Europe, some farmers rear kids with milk replacers, although some studies have stated that kids raised on natural milk yield higher-quality carcasses. The previous studies showed some interactions between breed and rearing system on carcass and meat quality.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nano-Restoration for Sustaining Soil Fertility
Soil is a real treasure that humans cannot live without. Therefore, it is very important to sustain and conserve soils to guarantee food, fiber, fuel, and other human necessities. Healthy or high-quality soils that include adequate fertility, diverse ecosystems, and good physical properties are important to allow soil to produce healthy food in support of human health. When a soil suffers from degradation, the soil’s productivity decreases. Soil restoration refers to the reversal of degradational processes.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Human Mobility
Human mobility is a significant factor for disease transmission. Little is known about how the environment influences mobility during a pandemic.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Acute L-Citrulline Supplementation
The present study aimed to investigate whether acute L-citrulline supplementation would affect inspiratory muscle oxygenation and respiratory performance. Twelve healthy males received 6 g of L-citrulline or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and their ratio), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO•), and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were measured at baseline, one hour post supplementation, and after an incremental resistive breathing protocol to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The resistive breathing task consisted of 30 inspirations at 70% and 80% of MIP followed by continuous inspirations at 90% of MIP until task failure. Sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. One-hour post-L-citrulline supplementation, exhaled NO• was significantly increased (19.2%; p < 0.05), and this increase was preserved until the end of the resistive breathing (16.4%; p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the placebo condition. Pulmonary function and MIP were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. During resistive breathing, sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced, with no difference noted between the two supplementation conditions. In conclusion, a single ingestion of 6 g L-citrulline increased NO• bioavailability but not the respiratory performance and inspiratory muscle oxygenation.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Livestock Industry and Agro-environment
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by exposure dynamics of infected aerosols, fomites and intermediate reservoirs. The spike in the first, second and third waves of coronavirus confirms that herd immunity is not yet reached and everyone including livestock is still vulnerable to the infection. Of serious concern are the communitarian nature of agrarians in the livestock sector, aerogenous spread of the virus and attendant cytocidal effect in permissive cells following activation of pathogen recognition receptors, replication cycles, virulent mutations, seasonal spike in infection rates, flurry of reinfections and excess mortalities that can affect animal welfare and food security. As the capacity to either resist or be susceptible to infection is influenced by numerous factors, identifying coronavirus-associated variants and correlating exposure dynamics with viral aerosols, spirometry indices, comorbidities, susceptible blood types, cellular miRNA binding sites and multisystem inflammatory syndrome remains a challenge where the lethal zoonotic infections are prevalent in the livestock industry, being the hub of dairy, fur, meat and egg production. This entry provides insights into the complexity of the disease burden and recommends precision smart-farming models for upscaling biosecurity measures and adoption of digitalised technologies (robotic drones) powered by multiparametric sensors and radio modem systems for real-time tracking of infectious strains in the agro-environment and managing the transition into the new-normal realities in the livestock industry.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can cause serious disease in humans, especially in pregnant women. 
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosing Staph Infections with VOC Biomarkers
Staphylococci are broadly adaptable and their ability to grow in unique environments has been widely established, but the most common and clinically relevant staphylococcal niche is the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. S. aureus causes severe infections in mammalian tissues and organs, with high morbidities, mortalities, and treatment costs. S. epidermidis is an important human commensal but is also capable of deadly infections. The development of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for the detection and identification of pathogens is an area of intensive research, with significant efforts toward establishing breath tests for infections.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oat Grain Quality
Oats (Avena sativa L.) belong to the main group of important cereal crops in Northern Europe and Northern America.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms in Peach Post-Harvest Ripening
Peach post-harvest ripening is a complex developmental process controlled by a plethora of genetic and epigenetic factors. It leads to protein, lipid and nucleic acid degradation, all resulting in cell death.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Five Rosmarinus Essential Oils
The present study reported the investigation of the chemical profile and the extraction yield of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from the dried aerial parts of four cultivars of Salvia rosmarinus (‘Boule’; ‘Vicomte de Noailles’; ‘Gorizia’; ‘Joyce de Baggio’) and the species S. jordanii, together with their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The phytochemical investigation evidenced a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes in all the samples (57.5–77.1%), except in ‘Boule’, in which the hydrocarbon form prevailed (50.2%).
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Protective Effects of Thymol on Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disease that involves chronic mucosal or submucosal lesions that affect tissue integrity. Although IBD is not life-threatening, it sometimes causes severe complications, such as colon cancer. The exact etiology of IBD remains unclear, but several risk factors, such as pathogen infection, stress, diet, age, and genetics, have been involved in the occurrence and aggravation of IBD. Immune system malfunction with the over-production of inflammatory cytokines and associated oxidative stress are the hallmarks of IBD. Dietary intervention and medical treatment suppressing abnormal inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended as potential therapies. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol that is mostly found in thyme, exhibits multiple biological functions as a potential adjuvant for IBD.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Enteric Methane Emissions
The mitigation of enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C can use feed additives inhibitors of rumen methanogenesis. A mathematical simulation conducted herein predicted that pronounced inhibition of rumen methanogenesis with pure chemicals or bromoform-containing algae with an efficacy higher than that obtained in most studies can be important to limiting global temperature increase by 2050 to 1.5 °C but will likely need to be accompanied by improved production efficiency and other mitigation measures.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wandong Bulls (Bos taurus)
The Wandong cattle breed is recently recognized in Fangyang County, Anhui Province, China, by the National Commission for Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources. The breed was domesticated in the watershed region between the Huai River and Yangtze River approximately 500 years ago, and mainly found in two kinds of coat color, yellow and brown. This is one of the best breed reared in Anhui China, and very popular for high quality meat production. The breed survives with extreme weather and raw feed as well as resistant to tick born diseases. Additionally, the animals raised in ecological environment in the hilly areas. The statistical data showed 1000,000 heads of Wandong cattle in the 1990s. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Trends in Smart Irrigation for Smart Agriculture
Smart agriculture and smart irrigation play a strategic role in agricultural production: not only they provide approaches to adapt to climate change, but also they contribute in ensuring food security, optimizing efficiency and minimizing or reducing environmental impact.  
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flax Lectin Gene Expression
Plant proteins with lectin domains play an essential role in plant immunity modulation, but among a plurality of lectins recruited by plants, only a few members have been functionally characterized. The lectin gene expression in flax root tips infected with Fusarium oxysporum was analyzed. For the analysis of flax lectin gene expression, FIBexDB was used, which includes an efficient algorithm for flax gene expression analysis combining gene clustering and coexpression network analysis. Two pools of lectin genes have been revealed: downregulated and upregulated during the infection. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bioprospecting Desert Plants
In deserts, endophytic microbes help plants thrive in dry, nutrient-poor soils by increasing nitrogen and phosphorus availability and alleviating stress caused by heat, inadequate moisture, and pathogen attack. These desert endophytes can be isolated from their hosts and then placed into non-native hosts, such as crop plants, in order to confer similar benefits to their new hosts. Screening desert plants for beneficial endophytes allows for the discovery of new biofertilizers and biocontrol agents that may be especially helpful in arid regions or farmland areas experiencing increasing  drought frequency due to climate change. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Soil Organic Carbon Storage
Crop residue returning (RR) is a promising option to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, which is linked to crop yield promotion, ecologically sustainable agriculture, and climate change mitigation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the responses of SOC storage and sequestration rates to RR in China’s croplands. Based on a national meta-analysis of 365 comparisons from 99 publications, the results indicated that RR increased SOC storage by 11.3% compared to residue removal (p < 0.05). Theoretically, when combined with low nitrogen fertilizer input rates (0–120 kg N ha-1), single cropping system, paddy-upland rotation, lower mean annual precipitation (0–500 mm), alkaline soils (pH 7.5–8.5), other methods of RR (including residue chopping, evenly incorporating, and burying) or long-term use (>10 yrs), an increase in SOC storage under RR by 11.6–15.5% could be obtained. The SOC sequestration rate of RR varied from 0.48 (Central China) to 1.61 (Southwest China) Mg C ha-1 yr-1, with a national average value of 0.93 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Higher SOC sequestration rates enhanced crop production. However, decreases in SOC sequestration rate were observed with increases in experimental durations. The phenomenon of “C saturation” occurred after 23 yrs of RR. Overall, RR can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly and climate-smart management practice for long-term use.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Damaging Behaviours and Health in Laying Hens
Animals' behavior and their health are directly related. In intensive breeding systems, animals often develop damaging behaviors. The reasons for the occurrence are most often the consequences of farm breeding conditions in which the living needs of animals are not fully met. Harmful behaviors in laying hens have been studied for a long time, to find the best possible compromise between the breeding system and the living needs of poultry.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiota of Ruminant Animal
The microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants have a mutualistic relationship with the host that influences the efficiency and health of the ruminants. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jul 2022
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