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Topic Review
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing System
Increased consumption of vegetables has been recommended worldwide as a part of a healthy diet; therefore, determining gene function among breeding materials is crucial for vegetable improvement to meet the sustainable development of new vegetable varieties. However, genetic transformation is time-consuming and laborious, which limits the exploration of gene function for various vegetable crops. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) can perform large-scale and rapid gene silencing in plants due to a reduction in the experimental period and its independence from the stable genetic transformation, providing an excellent opportunity for functional research. 
  • 520
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biosafety of Genome Editing Applications
In the European Union plants developed by novel genomic techniques for directed mutagenesis are have to undergo an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) prior to release or placing on the market. However, specific guidance for such an ERA is still lacking. In this review we discuss the limited suitability of general denominators of risk/safety to predict the risks associated with individual genome edited (GE) plants and argue that there is no safety by default for whole groups of GE applications encompassing different individual GE organisms. We suggest integrating the following two sets of considerations into the ERA to address particular characteristics of GE plants: considerations related to the traits developed by GE and considerations addressing the assessment of method-related unintended effects, e.g. due to off-target modifications. In conclusion, we recommend that further specific guidance for the ERA and monitoring should be developed to facilitate a focused assessment approach for GE plants. 
  • 519
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mammary Hierarchy and Development
The mammary gland, a unique organ in mammals, is a derivative of ventral skin. The bovine mammary gland is composed of parenchymatous and stromal compartments. The parenchyma is a cellular compartment that contains two main cellular lineages. Mammary gland homeostasis and regeneration are maintained by the controlled activity of stem cells. These mammary stem cells are multipotent in nature, and give rise to epithelial and myoepithelial cells. 
  • 519
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Meconium Microbiota
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. Microbial organisms within the gut—the “gut microbiome”—might contribute to metabolic diseases, including GDM.
  • 518
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Genomics and Crop Domestication
Most domesticated crop species share common traits such as increased yield and seed size and decreased dormancy and seed shattering. Though crop domestication is long and slow, only a few genes are involved in it, and some of them are conserved in various species. Hence, both targeted re-domestication and de novo wild species domestication are feasible. In these processes, targeted genes are identified, introgressed, or modified to produce new cultivars. Unlocking the potential of wild crop species domestication will improve global food security and help realize certain sustainable development goals of the United Nations such as zero poverty (No. 1) and zero hunger (No. 2). Targeted domestication, crop improvement, and mass crop cultivation are generally cost-effective approaches towards these objectives.
  • 517
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Trichuriasis in Deer
Trichuris spp. are endoparasites found in a wide range of mammalian species. Some of these host species include humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, pigs, wild ruminants and domesticated ruminants.
  • 516
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Feeding Behaviour Habits of Growing-Finishing Pigs
Feed cost represents approximately 65% of the cost production of a pig kg deadweight. Therefore, the search for strategies to improve the utilisation rate of nutrients during the growing-finishing period is of permanent interest. One of the important factors influencing the performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs is feeding behaviour habits (FBHs), which can be described not only by average daily feed intake (ADFI), but also by other criteria such as the daily number of feeder visits, the daily time spent eating, the feed consumed per feeder visit or the rhythm of ingesta, among others. These can be registered and calculated thanks to the availability in the market of automatic feeding systems.
  • 516
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Mechanisms in Oocytes
Although oocytes can mitigate oxidative stress via intrinsic antioxidant systems, the formation of ribonucleoprotein granules, mitophagy, and the cryopreservation-inflicted oxidative damage cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, exogenous antioxidants such as melatonin and resveratrol are widely used in oocyte cryopreservation to reduce oxidative damage through direct or indirect scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • 516
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Enhancing Animal Production through Smart Agriculture
Smart livestock farming utilizes technology to enhance production and meet food demand sustainably. Smart agriculture employs modern technology to improve efficiency, sustainability, and animal welfare in livestock farming. This includes remote monitoring, GPS-based animal care, robotic milking, smart health collars, predictive disease control, and other innovations.
  • 515
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Improving Flavor Stability of Beer by Lager Yeast
Flavor is the main quality characteristic for beer and requires the flavor-active components presented as raw materials or developed by yeast metabolism to be controlled within a certain range in order to maintain flavor balance.
  • 514
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Agri-Food Contexts in Mediterranean Regions
The agri-food frameworks have specific characteristics (production units with small dimensions and in great number with implications in the respective markets) that call for adjusted approaches, even more so when they are considered in Mediterranean contexts (where global warming will have relevant impacts). In fact, the Mediterranean regions and countries have particular specificities (due to their climate conditions) that distinguish them from their neighbours. This is particularly true in Europe, for example, where the southern countries present socioeconomic dynamics (associated with the respective public debt) that are different from those identified in the northern regions.
  • 513
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Otter Civet
The Otter Civet, scientifically known as Cynogale bennettii, is a unique and elusive mammal belonging to the Viverridae family. Endemic to Southeast Asia, particularly in regions such as Borneo and Sumatra, the Otter Civet is characterized by its sleek, otter-like appearance and semi-aquatic lifestyle. Despite its intriguing features, this species remains relatively understudied, adding to its enigmatic nature and highlighting the importance of continued research and conservation efforts.
  • 513
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Osteoarthritis
Some say that all diseases begin in the gut. Interestingly, this concept is actually quite old, since it is attributed to the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who proposed the hypothesis nearly 2500 years ago. The continuous breakthroughs in modern medicine have transformed our classic understanding of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and human health. Although the gut microbiota (GMB) has proven to be a core component of human health under standard metabolic conditions, there is now also a strong link connecting the composition and function of the GMB to the development of numerous diseases, especially the ones of musculoskeletal nature. The symbiotic microbes that reside in the gastrointestinal tract are very sensitive to biochemical stimuli and may respond in many different ways depending on the nature of these biological signals. Certain variables such as nutrition and physical modulation can either enhance or disrupt the equilibrium between the various species of gut microbes.
  • 512
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Restoration of Rangelands
Abandonment of agricultural land is currently one of the main land use changes in developed countries. This change has an impact at the economic level and from the point of view of conservation. Therefore, recovering these areas after abandonment is, in many cases, necessary for ecological restoration, especially as they can be invaded by exotic or dominant species, preventing recovery of the original plant species community. The objective of this study is to examine changes in plant species richness and composition after the application of different treatments to eliminate Amelichloa clandestina, a species that dominates pastures abandoned 12 years ago in an area located in northern Mexico. The area is a semi-desert grassland dominated by buffalo grass Bouteloua dactyloides.
  • 511
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pathogen Biosensing
Biosensors have an important role in the timely and rapid detection of several pathogens of plants, and this could avoid the introduction of exotic pathogens to newer environments. AuNPs have been widely used to label antibodies specific to target pathogens and develop sensitive and selective biosensors.
  • 511
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating, highly contagious viral disease of all cloven-hoofed animals caused by the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the Picornaviridae family. The disease poses a severe threat globally, impeding the international trade of live animals and animal by-products. FMDV includes seven serotypes, namely, A, O, C, Southern African Territories (SAT)-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia1. Each serotype has antigenically distinct subtypes due to the high mutation rate.
  • 510
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeting p53 in Colorectal Cancer
p53, a critical tumor suppressor, is commonly mutated in neoplasia, including colorectal cancer. To devise anti-cancer strategies targeting p53, it is crucial to understand the myriad cell-specific regulatory mechanisms in the p53 signaling pathway, and how these same regulatory mechanisms may be evaded by p53 mutants.
  • 510
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a devastating enteric disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A/G that impacts the global poultry industry by compromising the performance, health, and welfare of chickens. Coccidiosis is a major contributing factor to NE. Although NE pathogenesis was believed to be facilitated by α-toxin, a chromosome-encoded phospholipase C enzyme, studies have indicated that NE B-like (NetB) toxin, a plasmid-encoded pore-forming heptameric protein, is the primary virulence factor. Since the discovery of NetB toxin, the occurrence of NetB+ C. perfringens strains has been increasingly reported in NE-afflicted poultry flocks globally. It is generally accepted that NetB toxin is the primary virulent factor in NE pathogenesis although scientific evidence is emerging that suggests other toxins contribute to NE. Because of the complex nature of the host-pathogen interaction in NE pathogenesis, the interaction of NetB with other potential virulent factors of C. perfringens needs better characterization.
  • 510
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ochratoxin A Induces Steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 Axis
Ochratoxin A(OTA) is considered to be one of the most important contaminants of food and feed worldwide. The liver is one of key target organs for OTA to exert its toxic effects. Due to current lifestyle and diet, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been the most common liver disease. To examine the potential effect of OTA on hepatic lipid metabolism and NAFLD, C57BL/6 male mice received 1 mg/kg OTA by gavage daily. Compared with controls, OTA increased lipid deposition and TG accumulation in mouse livers. In vitro OTA treatment also promoted lipid droplets accumulation in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Mechanistically, OTA prevented PPARγ degradation by reducing the interaction between PPARγ and its E3 ligase SIAH2, which led to activation of PPARγ signaling pathway. Furthermore, downregulation or inhibition of CD36, a known of PPARγ, alleviated OTA-induced lipid droplets deposition and TG accumulation. Therefore, OTA induces hepatic steatosis via PPARγ-CD36 axis, suggesting that OTA has an impact on liver lipid metabolism and may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases.
  • 509
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in Poultry in Malaysia
Enterococcus has emerged as a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen as a result of its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobials, particularly vancomycin. Vancomycin is the final treatment option, particularly for Enterococcus. There is abundant proof that drug-resistant bacteria exist in poultry and can be transmitted to humans. Regular monitoring of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in poultry would aid policymakers in developing effective control measures and design antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance capacity building in Malaysia. Further, livestock farmers should be educated on antibiotics resistance and trained on responsible utilization of antibiotics.
  • 509
  • 16 Feb 2022
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