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Topic Review
Fecal Calprotectin Is Increased in Stroke
While there have been major advances in unveiling the mechanisms comprising the ischemic cascade of CNS, stroke continues to be a significant burden. There is a need to extend the focus toward peripheral changes, and the brain–gut axis has recently gained much attention. 
  • 590
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Memory, Aging, and Sleep Interaction
The process of memory entails the activation of numerous neural networks and biochemical pathways throughout the brain. The phenomenon of memory decline in relation to aging has been the subject of extensive research for several decades. The correlation between the process of aging and memory is intricate and has various aspects to consider. Throughout the aging process, there are various alterations that take place within the brain and, as expected, affect other functions that have already been linked to memory and its function such as involving microcirculation and sleep.
  • 590
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet in Adult Epilepticus
Status epilepticus (SE) carries an exceedingly high mortality and morbidity, often warranting an aggressive therapeutic approach. Recently, the implementation of a ketogenic diet (KD) in adults with refractory and super-refractory SE has been shown to be feasible and effective. We describe our experience, including the challenges of achieving and maintaining ketosis, in an adult with new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). 
  • 589
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Porous Hydroxyapatite in Cranioplasty
Decompressive craniectomy is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures, usually performed after neuropathological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), but also vascular accidents (strokes), erosive tumours, infections and other congenital abnormalities. This procedure is usually followed by the reconstruction of the cranial vault, which is also known as cranioplasty (CP). The gold-standard material for the reconstruction process is the autologous bone of the patient. However, this is not always a feasible option for all patients. Several heterologous materials have been created in the last decades to overcome such limitation. One of the most prominent materials that started to be used in CP is porous hydroxyapatite. PHA is a bioceramic material from the calcium phosphate family. It is already widely used in other medical specialties and only recently in neurosurgery.
  • 589
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers following Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-lasting morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a devastating condition related to the impairment of the nervous system after an external traumatic event resulting in transitory or permanent functional disability, with a significant burden to the healthcare system.
  • 589
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nutraceuticals and Diet for Primary Headaches
Headache disorders are a significant global health burden, leading to reduced quality of life. Nutraceuticals are defined as any substance that is a food or part if a food and provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. Although evidence of the efficacy of many products remains debatable, their use is widespread.
  • 589
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 589
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Roles of GluN2D NMDA Receptor Subunit in Schizophrenia
Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been proposed to underlie schizophrenia symptoms. This theory arose from the observation that administration of NMDAR antagonists, which are compounds that inhibit NMDAR activity, reproduces behavioural and molecular schizophrenia-like phenotypes, including hallucinations, delusions and cognitive impairments in healthy humans and animal models. However, the role of specific NMDAR subunits in these schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes is largely unknown. Mounting evidence implicates the GluN2D subunit of NMDAR in some of these symptoms and pathology. 
  • 588
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Medication-Overuse Headache
Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary headache that is classified by the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders as a group of headaches attributable to the administration or discontinuation of various substances. MOH occurs more than 15 days per month in patients with preexisting headaches. It occurs as a result of regular (at least 3 consecutive months) overuse (10 or 15 days, depending on the type of medication) of drugs used as acute or symptomatic headache therapy.
  • 587
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Glutathione Precursors in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative illness resulting in progressive motor impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Most PD cases are sporadic, and only a low percentage is related to mutations in a few genes, causing familial PD. As in other prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, aging is the principal risk factor for developing this condition. The protein cysteinome is crucial in cellular regulation and plays unexpected roles in the aging of complex organisms, which show cumulative somatic mutations, telomere attrition, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative dysregulation, culminating in cellular senescence. The cysteine thiol groups are highly redox-active, allowing high functional versatility as structural disulfides, redox-active disulfides, active-site nucleophiles, proton donors, and metal ligands to participate in multiple regulatory sites in proteins. Also, antioxidant systems control diverse cellular functions, including the transcription machinery, which partially depends on the catalytically active cysteines that can reduce disulfide bonds in numerous target proteins, driving their biological integration.
  • 586
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Covert Facial Recognition
Joachim Bodamer created the term prosopagnosia in 1947, which is a disorder where individuals have an inability to recognize faces of people. Individuals with this disorder do not have the ability to overtly recognize faces, but discoveries have been made showing that people with this disorder have the ability to covertly recognize faces. Covert facial recognition is the unconscious recognition of familiar faces by people with prosopagnosia. The individuals who express this phenomenon are unaware that they are recognizing the faces of people they have seen before. There are two types of prosopagnosia, congenital and acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia is an inability to recognize faces without a history of brain damage; while acquired prosopagnosia is caused by damage to the right occipital-temporal region of the brain. In the 1950s it was theorized that the right cerebral hemisphere was involved in facial recognition and in the 1960s this theory was supported by many experiments. Although the ability for overt facial recognition is inhibited in patients with prosopagnosia, there have been many studies done which show that some of these individuals may have the ability to recognize familiar faces covertly. These experiments have used behavioral and physiological measures in order to demonstrate covert facial recognition. A common physiological measure that is used is the measure of autonomic activity by using skin-conductance responses (SCR) which show a larger response in individuals with prosopagnosia who are shown pictures of familiar faces compared to pictures of unfamiliar faces.
  • 585
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome
Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) is a complex and debilitating condition that can develop after head concussions or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). PPCS is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes, that can persist for months or even years after the initial injury. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of PPCS are still poorly understood; furthermore, there are limited resources to predict PPCS development in mTBI patients and no established treatment. Similar to PPCS, the etiology and pathogenesis of functional neurological disorders (FNDs) are not clear neither fully described. Nonspecific multifactorial interactions that were also seen in PPCS have been identified as possible predispositions for FND onset and progression. 
  • 584
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Adipokines in Central Nervous System Pathologies
Adipokines are protein hormones secreted by adipose tissue in response to disruptions in physiological homeostasis within the body’s systems. The regulatory functions of adipokines within the central nervous system (CNS) are multifaceted and intricate, and they have been identified in a number of pathologies.
  • 584
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Loci in hiPSCs-Derived Microglia
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder globally. In people aged 65 and older, it is estimated that 1 in 9 currently live with the disease. With aging being the greatest risk factor for disease onset, the physiological, social and economic burden continues to rise. Thus, AD remains a public health priority. Since 2007, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 80 genomic loci with variants associated with increased AD risk. Although some variants are beginning to be characterized, the effects of many risk loci remain to be elucidated. One advancement which may help provide a patient-focused approach to tackle this issue is the application of gene editing technology and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).
  • 584
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Childhood-Onset Myasthenia
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is understood to be a neuromuscular disorder caused by an immune disturbance at the neuromuscular junction, which results in symptoms such as muscle weakness and fatigue.
  • 583
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase in Brain and Its Pathologies
Among kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Abelson kinase) c-Abl appears to be involved in both the normal development of neural tissue and the development of neurodegenerative pathologies when abnormally expressed or activated. However, exactly how c-Abl mediates the progression of neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored.
  • 581
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis
Heavy metals are capable of generating reactive oxygen, which plays a key role in various pathological mechanisms. Alteration of the homeostasis of heavy metals could cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and induce DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and the alteration of proteins. A large number of studies have shown that iron, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, and mercury levels were significantly elevated in patients affected by gliomas.
  • 580
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction in dopamine concentration in the striatum. It is a substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons that is responsible for the classic triad of PD symptoms, i.e., resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and bradykinesia. Several therapies for PD may only offer symptomatic relief and do not address the underlying neurodegeneration of PD. The developments in cellular reprogramming have enabled the development of previously unachievable cell therapies and patient-specific modeling of PD through Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). iPSCs possess the inherent capacity for pluripotency, allowing for their directed differentiation into diverse cell lineages, such as dopaminergic neurons, thus offering a promising avenue for addressing the issue of neurodegeneration within the context of PD. 
  • 580
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathy
Painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN) is a chronic neuropathic pain that may develop following injury to the trigeminal nerve. Etiologies include cranio-orofacial trauma that may result from dental, surgical, or anesthetic procedures or physical trauma, such as a motor vehicle accident. Following nerve injury, there are various mechanisms, including peripheral and central, as well as phenotypic changes and genetic predispositions that may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain.
  • 579
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Macronutrients or Mineral Elements in Depression
Depression is a common mental disorder that seriously affects the quality of life and leads to an increasing global suicide rate. Macro, micro, and trace elements are the main components that maintain normal physiological functions of the brain. Depression is manifested in abnormal brain functions, which are considered to be tightly related to the imbalance of elements.
  • 577
  • 26 Apr 2023
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