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Topic Review
Biogenic Nanoscale Agro-Materials
Advancements in nanotechnology have provided new scopes in agricultural science and uplifted the agricultural system, where the unique properties of nanomaterials make them suitable tools for sustainable agricultural applications. In this regard, agro-materials can be developed into nanoscale materials to aid in fertilizer improvement, either themselves being the active ingredient or used to facilitate the bioactivity of nutrients. Such products are termed nanofertilizers or nano-enabled fertilizers.
  • 712
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Membrane Lipids and Proteins Involved in Plant Immunity
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking.
  • 712
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cannabis
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most common Cannabis sativa diseases. In spite of this, very few documented studies have characterized the resistance genes involved in PM defense mechanisms, or sources of natural genetic resistance in cannabis.
  • 710
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
EOs from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants
Herbicidal potential of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Mentha × piperita L. and Santolina chamaecyparissus L. essential oils (EOs) at different concentrations on Avena fatua L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv, Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L.,  and on soil microorganisms was tested.  EOs demonstrated herbicidal activity, increasing their toxicity with the dose. T. capitata was the most effective against all weeds at the maximum dose. P. oleracea was the most resistant weed. Soil microorganisms, after a transient upheaval period induced by the addition of EOs, recovered their initial function and biomass. T. capitata EO at the highest dose did not allow soil microorganisms to recover their initial functionality. EOs exhibited great potential as natural herbicides but the optimum dose of application must be identified to control weeds and not negatively affect soil microorganisms.
  • 709
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Noncoding-RNA-Mediated Regulation in Response to Macronutrient Stress
Towards a comprehensive identification and functional characterization of nutrient-responsive ncRNAs and their downstream molecules, high-throughput sequencing has produced massive omics data for comparative expression profiling as a first step.
  • 705
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of RONSS on the Biostimulation of Plant
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and H2S-reactive sulfur species (RSS) collectively termed reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (RONSS), constitute a conglomerate of reactions that function as an energy dissipation mechanism, in addition to allowing environmental signals to be transduced into cellular information. This information, in the form of proteins with posttranslational modifications or signaling metabolites derived from RONSS, serves as an inducer of many processes for redoxtasis and metabolic adjustment to the changing environmental conditions to which plants are subjected. Although it is thought that the role of reactive chemical species was originally energy dissipation, during evolution they seem to form a cluster of RONSS that, in addition to dissipating excess excitation potential or reducing potential, also fulfils essential signaling functions that play a vital role in the stress acclimation of plants. Signaling occurs by synthesizing many biomolecules that modify the activity of transcription factors and through modifications in thiol groups of enzymes. The result is a series of adjustments in plants’ gene expression, biochemistry, and physiology. The action of RONSS as signaling agents in Biostimulation is discussed. 
  • 705
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Luteolin in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, are secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic environments, including UV radiation, high light intensity, low/high temperatures, and attacks from pathogens, among others.
  • 698
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hairy Root Cultures for Polyphenolic Antioxidants
Due to their chemical properties and biological activity, antioxidants of plant origin have gained interest as valuable components of the human diet, potential food preservatives and additives, ingredients of cosmetics and factors implicated in tolerance mechanisms against environmental stress. Plant polyphenols are the most prominent and extensively studied, albeit not only group of secondary plant (specialized) metabolites manifesting antioxidative activity. Because of their potential economic importance, the productive and renewable sources of the compounds are desirable. Over thirty years of research on hairy root cultures, as both producers of secondary plant metabolites and experimental systems to investigate plant biosynthetic pathways, brought about several spectacular achievements in enhancing polyphenolic antioxidant production by plant tissues. 
  • 697
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dendrobium catenatum
The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) gene family comprises plant-specific transcription factors that control cell proliferation and differentiation during growth and development in many plant species. However, to date, no studies of the LBD gene family in Dendrobium catenatum have been reported.
  • 696
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnologically Engineered Plants
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. Scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
  • 695
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Latin American Plants against Microorganisms
Antimicrobial resistance is a severe and developing clinical issue that has reduced the therapeutic effectiveness of conventional antibiotics and narrowed the treatment choices for bacterial infections. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are generally difficult to treat due to reduced membrane penetration, efflux pump overexpression, target site shifting, inactive subpopulations, biofilm growth, and enzymatic destruction. Resistant bacteria are strains resistant to several medicines, resulting in increased infections.
  • 695
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles and CRISPR Carriers
Rapid developments in the field of plant genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems necessitate more detailed consideration of the delivery of the CRISPR system into plants. Successful and safe editing of plant genomes is partly based on efficient delivery of the CRISPR system. Along with the use of plasmids and viral vectors as cargo material for genome editing, non-viral vectors have also been considered for delivery purposes.
  • 693
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Strategies Applied in Phytohormone-Targeted Genetic Engineering
As abiotic and biotic stresses cause severe losses in agriculture, it is also crucial to obtain varieties that are more tolerant to these factors. In the past, traditional breeding methods were used to obtain new varieties displaying demanded traits. Nowadays, genetic engineering is another available tool. An important direction of the research on genetically modified plants concerns the modification of phytohormone metabolism.
  • 693
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
List of Orchidaceae of South Africa
Orchidaceae is a family of flowering plants (anthophytes) in the order Asparagales . 23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests. The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)). 67 genera are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
  • 689
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of the Non-Vascular Plants of Canada
This is a listing of the non-vascular plants of Canada , and includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. IDD - incomplete distribution data.
  • 687
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants and Cultivable Endophyte Resources
With the increasing demand for medicinal plants and the increasing shortage of resources, improving the quality and yield of medicinal plants and making more effective use of medicinal plants has become an urgent problem to be solved. During the growth of medicinal plants, various adversities can lead to nutrient loss and yield decline. Using traditional chemical pesticides to control the stress resistance of plants will cause serious pollution to the environment and even endanger human health.
  • 686
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
R–AVR Pairs and Interplay in Rice Blast Resistance
Rice is a vital component in the diets of many people worldwide, supplying necessary calories for subsistence. Nevertheless, the yield of this crucial agricultural crop is consistently hindered by a range of biotic stresses. Out of these, rice blast, claused mainly by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a significant menace to worldwide rice cultivation as well as yield. Substantial progress has been achieved in the development of efficient ways to manage rice blast disease. These procedures entail using a variety of rice genetic resources to find, map, clone, and functionally validate individual resistance (R) genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that provide long-lasting resistance to rice blast disease. Moreover, the replication and practical confirmation of homologous avirulence (Avr) genes in various M. oryzae strains have been crucial in comprehending the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions.
  • 685
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Melatonin Effects on Plant Photosynthetic Machinery
Extensive research has shed light on the dual role of melatonin in plants, where it serves as both a growth regulator, fostering growth and development, and a potent protector against abiotic stresses. The inherent potential of melatonin to function as a natural antioxidant positions it as a promising biostimulant for agricultural use, bolstering plants’ abilities to withstand a wide array of environmental challenges. Beyond its antioxidant properties, melatonin has demonstrated its capacity to regulate the expression of genes associated with the photosynthetic process. This additional characteristic enhances its appeal as a versatile chemical agent that can be exogenously applied to plants, particularly in adverse conditions, to improve their resilience and optimize photosynthetic efficiency in every phase of the plant life cycle. 
  • 684
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ribonomics Approaches to Identify RBPome in Plants
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) form complex interactions with RNA to regulate the cell’s activities including cell development and disease resistance. RNA-binding proteome (RBPome) aims to profile and characterize the RNAs and proteins that interact with each other to carry out biological functions. Generally, RNA-centric and protein-centric ribonomic approaches have been successfully developed to profile RBPome in different organisms including plants and animals. Further, more and more novel methods that were firstly devised and applied in mammalians have shown great potential to unravel RBPome in plants such as RNA-interactome capture (RIC) and orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS). Despise the development of various robust and state-of-the-art ribonomics techniques, genome-wide RBP identifications and characterizations in plants are relatively fewer than those in other eukaryotes, indicating that ribonomics techniques have great opportunities in unraveling and characterizing the RNA–protein interactions in plant species. 
  • 683
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Grasses and Epichloë Endophytes
Epichloë species of fungi that confer abiotic and biotic stress tolerances to the grass.
  • 680
  • 02 Nov 2021
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