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Topic Review
Biotechnologically Engineered Plants
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. Scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
  • 689
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Hairy Root Cultures for Polyphenolic Antioxidants
Due to their chemical properties and biological activity, antioxidants of plant origin have gained interest as valuable components of the human diet, potential food preservatives and additives, ingredients of cosmetics and factors implicated in tolerance mechanisms against environmental stress. Plant polyphenols are the most prominent and extensively studied, albeit not only group of secondary plant (specialized) metabolites manifesting antioxidative activity. Because of their potential economic importance, the productive and renewable sources of the compounds are desirable. Over thirty years of research on hairy root cultures, as both producers of secondary plant metabolites and experimental systems to investigate plant biosynthetic pathways, brought about several spectacular achievements in enhancing polyphenolic antioxidant production by plant tissues. 
  • 687
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Halophyte Secondary Metabolites to Reshape Rhizosphere Halobacteria
To feed the ever-increasing population under changing climate scenarios, it is imperative to investigate the role of halophytes, which are equipped with special adaptation mechanisms to cope under extreme conditions of salinity. A systematic approach was developed that deciphers those metabolites involved in regulating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of halophytes to salt stress.
  • 686
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
List of the Non-Vascular Plants of Canada
This is a listing of the non-vascular plants of Canada , and includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts. IDD - incomplete distribution data.
  • 685
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dendrobium catenatum
The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) gene family comprises plant-specific transcription factors that control cell proliferation and differentiation during growth and development in many plant species. However, to date, no studies of the LBD gene family in Dendrobium catenatum have been reported.
  • 683
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Proteomics Insight into Advancements in the Rice–Microbe Interaction
Rice is one of the most-consumed foods worldwide. However, the productivity and quality of rice grains are severely constrained by pathogenic microbes. Over the last few decades, proteomics tools have been applied to investigate the protein level changes during rice–microbe interactions, leading to the identification of several proteins involved in disease resistance. Plants have developed a multi-layered immune system to suppress the invasion and infection of pathogens. Therefore, targeting the proteins and pathways associated with the host’s innate immune response is an efficient strategy for developing stress-resistant crops.
  • 682
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
List of Orchidaceae of South Africa
Orchidaceae is a family of flowering plants (anthophytes) in the order Asparagales . 23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests. The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)). 67 genera are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
  • 680
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Lipids and Proteins Involved in Plant Immunity
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking.
  • 680
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Exosome/Liposome-like Nanoparticles and CRISPR Carriers
Rapid developments in the field of plant genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems necessitate more detailed consideration of the delivery of the CRISPR system into plants. Successful and safe editing of plant genomes is partly based on efficient delivery of the CRISPR system. Along with the use of plasmids and viral vectors as cargo material for genome editing, non-viral vectors have also been considered for delivery purposes.
  • 679
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
GmNF-YC4-2
The NF-Y gene family is a highly conserved set of transcription factors. The functional transcription factor complex is made up of a trimer between NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC proteins. While mammals typically have one gene for each subunit, plants often have multigene families for each subunit which contributes to a wide variety of combinations and functions. Soybean plants with an overexpression of a particular NF-YC isoform GmNF-YC4-2 (Glyma.04g196200) in soybean cultivar Williams 82, had a lower amount of starch in its leaves, a higher amount of protein in its seeds, and increased broad disease resistance for bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the field, similar to the effects of overexpression of its isoform GmNF-YC4-1 (Glyma.06g169600). Interestingly, GmNF-YC4-2-OE (overexpression) plants also filled pods and senesced earlier, a novel trait not found in GmNF-YC4-1-OE plants. No yield difference was observed in GmNF-YC4-2-OE compared with the wild-type control. Sequence alignment of GmNF-YC4-2, GmNF-YC4-1 and AtNF-YC1 indicated that faster maturation may be a result of minor sequence differences in the terminal ends of the protein compared to the closely related isoforms.
  • 672
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Desiccation and Freezing Tolerance in Gesneriads
Gesneriaceae is a pantropical family of plants that, thanks to their lithophytic and epiphytic growth forms, have developed different strategies for overcoming water scarcity. Desiccation tolerance or “resurrection” ability is one of them. This characteristic relies on the plant’s ability to withstand very low water contents in their tissues (~10% relative water content (RWC)) and fully recover upon re-watering, a very rare phenomenon among angiosperms, with less than 0.1% of them being desiccation-tolerant (DT). Physiological responses of desiccation tolerance are also activated during freezing temperatures, a stress that many of the resurrection gesneriads suffer due to their mountainous habitat. Research on desiccation- and freezing-tolerant gesneriads is a great opportunity for crop improvement, and some of them have become reference resurrection angiosperms for study (Dorcoceras hygrometrica, Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi).
  • 669
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
PPLAIIIγ
Patatin-related phospholipases A (pPLAs) are a group of plant-specific acyl lipid hydrolases that share less homology with phospholipases than that observed in other organisms. Out of the three known subfamilies (pPLAI, pPLAII, and pPLAIII), the pPLAIII member of genes is particularly known for modifying the cell wall structure, resulting in less lignin content. Overexpression of pPLAIIIα and ginseng-derived PgpPLAIIIβ in Arabidopsis and hybrid poplar was reported to reduce the lignin content. Lignin is a complex racemic phenolic heteropolymer that forms the key structural material supporting most of the tissues in plants and plays an important role in the adaptive strategies of vascular plants. However, lignin exerts a negative impact on the utilization of plant biomass in the paper and pulp industry, forage digestibility, textile industry, and production of biofuel. Therefore, the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis was analyzed in this study. This overexpression led to the formation of dwarf plants with altered anisotropic growth and reduced lignification of the stem. 
  • 666
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Noncoding-RNA-Mediated Regulation in Response to Macronutrient Stress
Towards a comprehensive identification and functional characterization of nutrient-responsive ncRNAs and their downstream molecules, high-throughput sequencing has produced massive omics data for comparative expression profiling as a first step.
  • 665
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
R–AVR Pairs and Interplay in Rice Blast Resistance
Rice is a vital component in the diets of many people worldwide, supplying necessary calories for subsistence. Nevertheless, the yield of this crucial agricultural crop is consistently hindered by a range of biotic stresses. Out of these, rice blast, claused mainly by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a significant menace to worldwide rice cultivation as well as yield. Substantial progress has been achieved in the development of efficient ways to manage rice blast disease. These procedures entail using a variety of rice genetic resources to find, map, clone, and functionally validate individual resistance (R) genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that provide long-lasting resistance to rice blast disease. Moreover, the replication and practical confirmation of homologous avirulence (Avr) genes in various M. oryzae strains have been crucial in comprehending the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions.
  • 661
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Assembly of Super-Complexes in the Plant Chloroplast
Increasing evidence has revealed that the enzymes of several biological pathways assemble into larger supramolecular structures called super-complexes. Indeed, those such as association of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes play an essential role in respiratory activity and promote metabolic fitness. Dynamically assembled super-complexes are able to alternate between participating in large complexes and existing in a free state.
  • 660
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation in Nitrogen Responses
Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in enhancing crop yield. Its availability, including both supply and deficiency, serves as a crucial signal for plant development. The recent advances in understanding how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA, participate in the regulation of N response and LN adaptation were discussed here. Decoding the epigenome at various levels could accelerate the functional study of how plants respond to N availability. Understanding the epigenetic control of N signaling and adaptation can lead to new strategies to improve NUE and enhance crop productivity sustainably
  • 659
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Distribution of Polyphenols from Mediterranean Plants
Polyphenols are a diverse class of natural compounds that are widely distributed in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs. They possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and bring benefits in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Studies suggested that polyphenols may improve cardiovascular health and may have neuroprotective effects. The Mediterranean region is a vast area. Although the territory encompasses a wide variety of cultures and dietary patterns, there are some commonalities in terms of the plant-based foods and their polyphenol content.
  • 656
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Transcriptomics of Sesame
Transcriptome is an inevitable link between genomic genetic information and biological function, and is one of the most active disciplines in the post genomic era. The transcriptome sequencing technology has been widely utilized in basic research fields, such as medicine, drug development and agricultural science. Researchers in plant science have been focusing on the application of RNA sequencing technology to study gene expression patterns under different environmental conditions or different growth and development stages, in order to understand the regulatory mechanism of gene expression and explore candidate genes related to specific traits. In fact, sesame is an oil crop with a large planting area in China. As an important food and medicine, it plays a vital role in human life. Therefore, studying the gene expression pattern of sesame under specific conditions is very important for the development and utilization of sesame germplasm resources.
  • 655
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Downstream Signalling from Molecular Hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is now considered part of the suite of small molecules that can control cellular activity. As such, H2 has been suggested to be used in the therapy of diseases in humans and in plant science to enhance the growth and productivity of plants.
  • 652
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Growing Trend toward Organic Potato Practice
Organic farming differs from conventional agriculture in not using synthetic chemicals. There is no doubt that plant protection issues are the most significant problems encountered in organic potato production. Developing a rotation plan and placing the potato crop in the rotation is critical to growing organic potatoes. The rotational design prevents crop diseases and pest outbreaks.
  • 652
  • 27 Jul 2023
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