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Sun, X. Dendrobium catenatum. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20233 (accessed on 16 December 2025).
Sun X. Dendrobium catenatum. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20233. Accessed December 16, 2025.
Sun, Xudong. "Dendrobium catenatum" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20233 (accessed December 16, 2025).
Sun, X. (2022, March 05). Dendrobium catenatum. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20233
Sun, Xudong. "Dendrobium catenatum." Encyclopedia. Web. 05 March, 2022.
Dendrobium catenatum
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms23042089

The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) gene family comprises plant-specific transcription factors that control cell proliferation and differentiation during growth and development in many plant species. However, to date, no studies of the LBD gene family in Dendrobium catenatum have been reported.

Dendrobium catenatum LBD transcription factor family phylogenetic analysis

1. Introduction

The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factors play important roles in the growth and development of many plant species. LBD genes are involved in the initiation, growth, metabolic regulation, and secondary growth of roots, stems, leaves, and corollas, establishment of the boundary between lateral organ and terminal meristem primordia, and have an important influence on the formation and development of aboveground and belowground organs in higher plants. In addition, LBD genes are involved in anthocyanin and nitrogen metabolism [1][2][3][4].
The LBD gene family is plant specific and is characterized by a highly conserved LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) domain. The length of the LOB domain is about 100 amino acids. The LOB domain comprises a C-block, which contains conserved cysteine residues in the CX2CX6CX3C motif required for DNA-binding activity. A Gly–Ala–Ser (GAS) block and a complete leucine zipper-like coiled-coil motif (LX6LX3LX6L) are responsible for protein dimerization [5][6]. On the basis of protein sequence analyses, LBD proteins can be classified into two groups (class I and class II). All LBD proteins contain the C-block, but LBD proteins of class I also include a leucine zipper structure, whereas class II proteins lack a complete leucine zipper structure and cannot form a spiral coil [7][8][9]. Previous studies have demonstrated that LBD proteins play important roles in plant growth, development, signal transduction, and stress response development [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].
Dendrobium catenatum has a broad distribution and a long history as a traditional medicinal plant in China, and has attracted considerable attention from local and international researchers on account of its high medicinal value [17]. In recent years, pharmacological research on the species has mainly focused on its antioxidant, anti-tumor, immunoregulatory, antifatigue, and diabetes-alleviating properties [18][19].
In previous studies, LBD transcription factors have been identified in many plant species. For example, Malus domestica has 58 LBD genes [20], Fragaria vesca has 35 LBD genes [21], Vitis vinifera has 40 LBD genes [22], Zea mays has 44 LBD genes [23], Morus notabilis has 31 LBD genes [24], Brassica rapa var. rapa has 59 LBD genes [25], and Hordeum vulgare has 24 LBD genes [26].

2. Identification of LBD Family Genes in D. catenatum

To identify the LBD proteins in the genome of D. catenatum, a local BLAST search of the hidden Markov models (HMMs) of the SMART and Pfam databases was conducted. In total, 24 LBD genes from the complete D. catenatum genome were isolated. All of the deduced LBD proteins possessed a conserved LOB domain. Researchers reconstructed a phylogenetic tree from an alignment of LBD protein sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana and D. catenatum. The DcaLBD genes were annotated based on the similarity of the protein sequences to those of A. thaliana (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of LBD proteins from D. catenatum and Arabidopsis was generated using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method implemented in MEGA 7.0 software. Bootstrap analysis was conducted with 1000 iterations.
On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, the LBD proteins of D. catenatum were resolved into two monophyletic groups (classes I and II), of which 21 LBD proteins belonged to class I and three LBD proteins belonged to class II. Sequence analysis revealed that AtLBD1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 36, 37, 38, 41, and LOB have orthologs in D. catenatum of which DcaLBD10, 12, and 22 comprised multiple orthologs.
The length of the DcaLBD proteins ranged from 148 to 307 aa, the molecular weight ranged from 17.06 to 34.33 KDa, the theoretical isoelectric point value ranged from 4.61 to 9.33, and the calculated grand average of hydrophobicity value ranged from −0.529 to 0.114. Most of the proteins were hydrophobic with the exception of DcaLBD4 and DcaLBD16 (Table 1).
Table 1. Identification and characteristics of LBD genes in D. catenatum.
Gene Name Accession Number CDS Length (bp) Protein Size (aa) MW (kD) PI GRAVY
DcaLBD1 XP_020695176.1 591 196 21.6 5.77 −0.172
DcaLBD3 XP_020704279.1 579 192 20.84 8.98 −0.049
DcaLBD4 XP_020673109.1 567 188 20.27 6.93 0.114
DcaLBD6 XP_020676861.1 606 201 21.37 8.56 −0.115
DcaLBD10a XP_020702209.1 639 212 22.85 7.64 −0.323
DcaLBD10b XP_020700451.1 528 175 19.53 9.28 −0.225
DcaLBD11 XP_020701018.1 576 191 20.79 6.40 −0.020
DcaLBD12a XP_020682070.1 513 170 18.84 6.07 −0.152
DcaLBD12b XP_020701020.1 495 164 18.36 6.94 −0.291
DcaLBD13 XP_020682962.1 573 190 21.06 8.27 −0.247
DcaLBD14 XP_020677496.1 642 213 23.32 6.11 −0.139
DcaLBD15 XP_020682881.2 660 219 23.82 8.85 −0.235
DcaLBD16 XP_020701180.1 876 291 31.13 9.33 0.047
DcaLBD18 XP_020699320.1 738 245 25.76 8.26 −0.212
DcaLBD20 XP_020693551.1 744 247 26.93 6.35 −0.300
DcaLBD22a XP_020686925.1 834 277 31.15 4.61 −0.465
DcaLBD22b XP_020682680.1 924 307 34.33 5.15 −0.443
DcaLBD23 XP_028557256.1 447 148 17.06 8.70 −0.418
DcaLBD25 XP_028549413.1 681 226 24.66 5.96 −0.345
DcaLBD36 XP_020698423.1 843 280 31.14 6.81 −0.529
DcaLOB XP_020678334.1 570 189 21.32 8.26 −0.108
DcaLBD37 XP_028551170.1 591 196 21.76 6.17 −0.297
DcaLBD38 XP_020688010.1 645 214 23.37 8.74 −0.257
DcaLBD41 XP_020703175.1 810 269 29.17 7.56 −0.442

3. Motif Analysis and Gene Structure

To further explore the diversity of LBD genes in D. catenatum, the conserved motifs of the DcaLBD proteins were analyzed. A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed based on a multiple alignment of the DcaLBD protein sequences. The MEME online tool was used to predict the conserved motif composition of the DcaLBD proteins. The number of motifs ranged from three to seven. A LOB domain, motif 2, was detected in all DcaLBDs. In addition, motif 3 was detected in all class I members, indicating that the class I proteins have a specific structure (Figure 2).
Ijms 23 02089 g002
Figure 2. Genomic structure and motif composition of D. catenatum LBDs, phylogenetic tree of D. catenatum LBD proteins. The conserved motifs in D. catenatum LBD proteins were identified using MEME, each motif is shown in a specific color.
On this basis, researchers further analyzed the DcaLBD protein sequences using the DNAMAN tool. The multiple sequence alignment indicated that a sequence comprising more than 100 amino acids was conserved in all DcaLBDs (Figure 3). For the class I proteins, a string consisting of a C-block, GAS-block, and L-rich block was detected. The C-block in DcaLBDs can be summarized as CX2CX6CX3C. The GAS-block began with a FX2V/AH motif and ended with a DPV/IYG motif. All class II DcaLBDs contained the conserved C-block similar to class I proteins and lacked the GAS-block and Leu-zipper-like domain.
Ijms 23 02089 g003
Figure 3. LBD-domain alignment and corresponding logo of DcaLBDs. The conserved C–block in all DcaLBDs protein is indicated by a red box. The GAS block and L-rich block in class II of DcaLBDs protein are indicated by yellow boxes.

4. Subcellular Localization

Researchers predicted that the LBD gene family were transcription factors localized in the nucleus to play roles in regulating plant growth and development. To support this hypothesis, researchers conducted a subcellular localization analysis for DcaLBD6 and DcaLBD18 from class I and DcaLBD37 and DcaLBD41 from class II. The respective DcaLBD gene was fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and co-injected into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The transfected plants were cultured in a greenhouse for 3 days. The fluorescence in the injected leaves was observed under a microscope (Olympus FV1000, Tokyo, Japan) after 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) injection. Fluorescent signal from the DcaLBD–GFP protein was detected in the nucleus, consistent with the proteins functioning as transcription factors (Figure 4).
Ijms 23 02089 g004
Figure 4. Subcellular localization of 35S:DcaLBD-GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. DcaLBD6-GFP, DcaLBD18-GFP, DcaLBD37-GFP and DcaLBD41-GFP were localized in the nucleus. Bar = 10 μm.

5. Class I and II LBDs Regulate VND7 Expression

Previous studies have shown that members of the LBD family have a positive feedback-regulatory effect on the master regulator VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 7 (VND7) [27]. Therefore, researchers speculated that the DcaLBD family members may also regulate the expression of VND7. To test this hypothesis, researchers co-injected the ProAtVND7:LUC promoter with class I (35S:DcaLBD6 and 35S:DcaLBD18) or class II (35S:DcaLBD37 and 35S:DcaLBD41) gene constructs (Figure 5). When the ProAtVND7:LUC reporter plasmid was co-injected with the 35S:DcaLBD37 or 35S:DcaLBD41 effector plasmid, intense luciferase (LUC) fluorescence signal was detected. These results indicated that DcaLBD37 and DcaLBD41 directly activated expression of AtVND7. In contrast, when the ProAtVND7:LUC reporter plasmid was co-injected with the 35S:DcaLBD6 effector plasmid, faint LUC fluorescence signal was detected, but when injected without the effector plasmid the LUC fluorescence signal was weaker. Thus, DcaLBD6 restrained expression of AtVND7. Co-injection of the ProAtVND7:LUC reporter plasmid with the 35S:DcaLBD18 effector plasmid resulted in LUC fluorescence signal similar to that of the ProAtVND7:LUC. These results are consistent with previous studies of LBD family members in suggesting that DcaLBD family members exhibit different functions or even antagonistic roles [28].
Ijms 23 02089 g005
Figure 5. Transient expression analysis of DcaLBD6, DcaLBD18, DcaLBD37 and DcaLBD41 activities. (A) VND7 was repressed by DcaLBD6. (B) VND7 was activated slightly by DcaLBD18. (C) VND7 was activated by DcaLBD37. (D) VND7 was activated by DcaLBD41.

6. Expression Profiles of LBD Genes in D. catenatum

To investigate the function of LBD genes in D. catenatum, researchers used transcriptomic data to determine changes in the expression of the DcaLBD family genes under different phytohormone treatments.
DcaLBD13 showed the highest relative expression level without treatment (Figure 6). The expression level of DcaLBD13 decreased to varying degrees under the various phytohormone treatments. After treatment with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for 3 h, DcaLBD6 showed the highest expression level. After treatment with IAA for 6 h, the expression level of DcaLBD18 was the highest. Among class II genes, DcaLBD38 showed the highest expression level without treatment. After treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) for 3 h, the expression level of DcaLBD38 was increased. The expression levels of DcaLBD37 were increased after phytohormone treatment. DcaLBD41 showed the highest expression level after treatment with salicylic acid (SA) for 3 h.
Ijms 23 02089 g006
Figure 6. Expression analysis of DcaLBD genes after treatment with ABA, IAA, JA and SA. ABA: abscisic acid, IAA: indole-3-acetic acid, JA: jasmonic acid, SA: salicylic acid. ck: control, 3 h: treatment with phytohormone after 3 h, 6 h: treatment with phytohormone after 6 h.
Heat maps were generated to indicate the relative expression of the DcaLBD family members in different organs (Figure 7). Among class I genes, DcaLBD22b showed the highest expression level in the pollinium. DcaLBD6 was more highly expressed in the pollinium than in other organs. The expression of DcaLBD18 was higher in the white portion of the root than in other organs. Among class II genes, DcaLBD38 showed the highest expression level in the gynostemium. The expression level of DcaLBD37 and DcaLBD41 in the pollinium and green root tip were higher than that in other organs.
Ijms 23 02089 g007
Figure 7. Expression analysis of DcaLBD genes in different organs.

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