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Topic Review
Polyamine Oxidases-Generated Hydrogen Peroxide in Plant Development
Metabolism and regulation of cellular polyamine levels are crucial for living cells to maintain their homeostasis and function. Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) terminally catabolize polyamines or catalyse the back-conversion reactions when spermine is converted to spermidine (Spd) and Spd to putrescine. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a by-product of both the catabolic and back-conversion processes. Pharmacological and genetic approaches have started to uncover the roles of PAO-generated H2O2 in various plant developmental and adaptation processes such as cell differentiation, senescence, programmed cell death, and abiotic and biotic stress responses.
  • 742
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Phyto-Synthesized Nanoparticles in Food Crops under Drought Stress
Phyto-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are a diverse group of nanoparticles, economically crucial for the production of crops and resilience against drought conditions. Phyto-synthesized NPs have shown many unique properties by increasing efficiency and surface-area-to-volume ratios. This leads to beneficial nutrient uptake and effects on growth, breaches the biological blocks, and links with plant organisms at the molecular level. In conditions like less nutrient availability and uptake to plants in arid soils, encapsulated nutrients in nanoparticles are used to ensure their targeted delivery in the roots of plants. Regardless of the encouraging benefits of nanoparticles in the agricultural field, it is hard to consider their potential risks and effects on the environment.
  • 740
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metacaspases in Plants and Fungi
Plant pathogens are responsible for devastating agricultural losses across a wide array of crops, exacerbating the burden of global food insecurity. Successful plant pathogens must bypass plant defenses while plants must employ a vast range of controlled defense mechanisms to subvert potential pathogenicity. This complex interaction entails utilizing a variety of mechanisms, such as pathogen effector proteins and host resistance genes. Intriguingly, a common denominator observed in these plant-pathogen interactions is the implementation and regulation of cellular death. Plant immune responses rely on precise and regulated cell death to impede pathogen invasion while ensuring the protection of the surrounding host cells. Conversely, cell death is an important aspect in the maintenance of pathogen fitness, as it enables the pathogen to effectively cause disease and circumvent defense strategies executed by the plant host.
  • 738
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Wheat and Fungal Pathogens
Photosynthesis is a universal process in the plant kingdom that occurs in various green organs, such as leaves, young stems, green fruits, and ears before maturity, providing a material basis and energy supply for multiple physiological metabolic processes in plants. Plant organs that can perform photosynthesis are considered photosynthetic source organs, which mainly include the leaves of plants, while the storage organs of the organic matter synthesized by photosynthesis represent photosynthetic sink organs, which include mainly stalks, roots, and fruits. At different growth and development stages, the photosynthetic sources and sinks can change accordingly.
  • 734
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Plant Abiotic Stress
Plants can be considered an open system. Throughout their life cycle, plants need to exchange material, energy and information with the outside world. To improve their survival and complete their life cycle, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis during development and in response to environmental changes. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process that occurs ubiquitously in all eukaryotic cells and plays many physiological roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that autophagy can be induced not only by starvation but also as a cellular response to various abiotic stresses, including oxidative, salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. 
  • 733
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Foeniculum vulgare Miller, a New Chemotype from Montenegro
Previous studies relating to prolonged and fractionated distillation procedures highlighted essential oils’ (EOs) chemical composition to be significantly dependent on the extraction duration and harvesting time. As a continuation, a hydrodistillation procedure was applied to ripe fruit material of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae), collected from three localities in Montenegro (Podgorica, Nikšić and Kotor) to furnish a total of 12 EOs. Liquid and vapor phases of the samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry techniques, and 18 compounds have been identified. Although both quantitative and qualitative differences between the samples were notable, the phenylpropanoids anethole (ANE) and estragole and the monoterpenoids α-terpineol (TER) and fenchone (FEN) could be singled out as the most abundant constituents. The EOs from Podgorica belong to the most common ANE-rich chemotype, while the predominance of the monoterpenoid fraction is characteristic of the samples from Nikšić and Kotor. The latter is particularly rich in TER (up to 56.5%), with significant amounts of FEN and ANE. This chemical profile could represent a new chemotype of fennel EO. Vapor phases contained mainly monoterpenoids, with increased amounts of FEN and TER, while the number of phenylpropanoids was significantly decreased.
  • 731
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lipid-Coated Nanobubbles in Plants
One of the more surprising occurrences of bulk nanobubbles is in the sap inside the vascular transport system of flowering plants, the xylem. In plants, nanobubbles are subjected to negative pressure in the water and to large pressure fluctuations, sometimes encompassing pressure changes of several MPa over the course of a single day, as well as wide temperature fluctuations.
  • 723
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nectar-Mediated Tripartite Interactions
The Mediterranean basin hosts a high diversity of plants and bees, and it is considered one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Insect pollination, i.e., pollen transfer from male reproductive structures to conspecific female ones, was classically thought to be a mutualistic relationship that links these two groups of organisms, giving rise to an admirable and complex network of interactions. Although nectar is often involved in mediating these interactions, relatively little is known about modifications in its chemical traits during the evolution of plants.
  • 721
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Evaluation of In Vitro Morphogenesis Pathways in Calli
The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. 
  • 719
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biochar Impacts
Around the world, biochar, a multipurpose carbonaceous material, is being used to concurrently solve issues with enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and development under both normal and stressful circumstances. It improves water retention, fosters nutrient absorption, and promotes microbial activity, creating a fertile environment that supports sustainable and resilient agriculture. Additionally, biochar acts as a carbon sink, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change impacts. The application of biochar is one of the sustainable approaches to improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the quality of produce and crops yield. Furthermore, biochar has proven to be efficient in different applications, particularly soil amendment for crop production and the removal of pollutants from the contaminated water and soil environments.
  • 718
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Olive Tree and Its Vascular Pathogens
Vascular pathogens are the causal agents of some of the most devastating plant diseases in the world, which can cause, under specific conditions, the destruction of entire crops, such as their impact on olive trees. These plant pathogens activate a range of physiological and immune reactions in the host plant following infection, which may trigger the proliferation of a specific microbiome to combat them by, among others, inhibiting their growth and/or competing for space. 
  • 713
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Regulatory Networks of Seed Size in Soybean
Soybean being a major cash crop provides half of the vegetable oil and a quarter of the plant proteins to the global population. Seed size traits are the most important agronomic traits determining the soybean yield. These are complex traits governed by polygenes with low heritability as well as are highly influenced by the environment as well as by genotype x environment interactions. Extensive efforts have been made to unravel the genetic basis and molecular mechanism of seed size in soybean. 
  • 713
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tocochromanols in Cereals
Tocochromanols, which encompass tocopherols and tocotrienols and constitute the vitamin E family, are widely distributed in cereal kernels; their biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied with the aim to enrich plant oils and combat vitamin E deficiency in humans. Here researchers provide strong assumptions arguing in favor of an involvement of tocochromanols in plant–fungal pathogen interactions. Tocochromanols are plant compounds with a strong antioxidant potential. The biosynthesis of this class of compounds draws on metabolites from the terpenoid and shikimate pathways. Tocochromanols are acknowledged to efficiently quench singlet oxygen and scavenge various radicals, especially lipid peroxyl radicals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby terminating lipid peroxidation chain reactions. 
  • 712
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolite Production in Plants
Plants, being sessile organisms, face potential threats from environmental or pathogenic stressors. These stresses can lead to osmotic imbalances, physiological and biochemical changes, and cellular dehydration, ultimately resulting in the death of the affected plant. To defend themselves, plants have evolved three different response mechanisms. Ephemeral desert plants respond by avoiding stress by regulating their life cycle, as the fragile plants lack effective mechanisms to survive stress, while resistant plants respond with efficient defensive mechanisms to counter various stresses. This defensive system is modulated by plants through alterations and modifications in membrane structure, cell cycle and division remodelling, changes in photosynthetic activity, conductance, and transpiration rates, which collectively affect growth, metabolic activity, and the physiology of metabolic compounds.
  • 711
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biogenic Nanoscale Agro-Materials
Advancements in nanotechnology have provided new scopes in agricultural science and uplifted the agricultural system, where the unique properties of nanomaterials make them suitable tools for sustainable agricultural applications. In this regard, agro-materials can be developed into nanoscale materials to aid in fertilizer improvement, either themselves being the active ingredient or used to facilitate the bioactivity of nutrients. Such products are termed nanofertilizers or nano-enabled fertilizers.
  • 708
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
EOs from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants
Herbicidal potential of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Mentha × piperita L. and Santolina chamaecyparissus L. essential oils (EOs) at different concentrations on Avena fatua L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv, Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L.,  and on soil microorganisms was tested.  EOs demonstrated herbicidal activity, increasing their toxicity with the dose. T. capitata was the most effective against all weeds at the maximum dose. P. oleracea was the most resistant weed. Soil microorganisms, after a transient upheaval period induced by the addition of EOs, recovered their initial function and biomass. T. capitata EO at the highest dose did not allow soil microorganisms to recover their initial functionality. EOs exhibited great potential as natural herbicides but the optimum dose of application must be identified to control weeds and not negatively affect soil microorganisms.
  • 707
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Crocus pallidus (Iridaceae)
The genus Crocus L., with a center of diversity on the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, constitutes 235 species. For a long time, the Balkan endemic species Crocus pallidus has been unconfirmed and neglected for the flora of Bulgaria. It has remained an uncertain species from the Balkans, often listed as a synonym of C. weldenii. The morphological resemblance to the albinistic forms of C. chrysanthus has led to incorrect identification in the past, resulting in uncertainty regarding the distribution of this species in Bulgaria.
  • 706
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stress Management in Plants
Climate change is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects plant and animal species, as well as their habitats and ecosystems due to altered weather patterns and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. It also contributes to the spread of pests and diseases. Being rooted in one place, plants are highly sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall, radiation, and other environmental factors, which induce a range of short-term or medium-term reactions, such as the acclimation processes, or long-term phenomena, such as transgenerational adaptation. These reactions can impact the physiological state of plants, affecting their growth and development and leading to reduced seed production and germination, decreased nutrient uptake, and water use efficiency, increased vulnerability to pests and diseases and, in extreme cases, death. The kinetics of the normal biological response is contingent on the intensity and duration of the stressor (acute or chronic). 
  • 706
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Plant Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are toxic to microorganisms and can potentially kill multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nanoparticles can be synthesized in many ways, such as physical or chemical methods. Plant-based nanoparticles are considered eco-friendly as their production methods can effectively replace chemical reduction processes.
  • 703
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Strategies Applied in Phytohormone-Targeted Genetic Engineering
As abiotic and biotic stresses cause severe losses in agriculture, it is also crucial to obtain varieties that are more tolerant to these factors. In the past, traditional breeding methods were used to obtain new varieties displaying demanded traits. Nowadays, genetic engineering is another available tool. An important direction of the research on genetically modified plants concerns the modification of phytohormone metabolism.
  • 689
  • 06 Jan 2023
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