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Soybean being a major cash crop provides half of the vegetable oil and a quarter of the plant proteins to the global population. Seed size traits are the most important agronomic traits determining the soybean yield. These are complex traits governed by polygenes with low heritability as well as are highly influenced by the environment as well as by genotype x environment interactions. Extensive efforts have been made to unravel the genetic basis and molecular mechanism of seed size in soybean.
Position | Protein Name | Protein Category | Accession Number | Positive/Negative | Molecular Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transcriptional regulators | BBM | AP2 family transcription factors | Glyma.09G248200 | positive | Positively regulates the process of seed embryogenesis and development and plays a decisive role in seed maturation | Ouakfaoui, 2010 [13] |
GmAP2-1 | AP2 family transcription factors | Glyma.01G188400 | positive | All three together regulate seed size and grain weight by affecting seed length, width, and area | Jiang, 2020 [14] | |
GmAP2-4 | AP2 family transcription factors | Glyma.13G329700 | positive | Jiang, 2020 [14] | ||
GmAP2-6 | AP2 family transcription factors | Glyma.08G279000 | positive | Jiang, 2020 [14] | ||
PP2C-1 | Phosphatase 2C-1 | Glyma.17G221100 | positive | Increases bead cell size and activates seed development-related genes; interacts with GmBZR1 | Lu, 2017 [15] | |
GmBS1 | Tify domain | Glyma.10G244400 | negative | Negative regulation of primary cell proliferation by suppressing the expression of GIF1 and GRF5 | Ge,2016 [16] | |
GmBS2 | Glyma.20G150000 | negative | ||||
GmCYP78A5 | cytochrome P450 family protein CYP78A10 | Glyma.05G00220 | positive | Prediction by RNA-seq data analysis may correlate with seed size | Du, 2017 [17] | |
CYP78A10 | Cytochrome P450 | Glyma.05G019200 | positive | Predicted by evolutionary correlation analysis to be extremely correlated with seed size, but leads to lower pod numbers | Wang, 2015 [18] | |
CYP78A72 | Cytochrome P450 | Glyma.19G240800 | positive | Overexpression increases seed size and is functionally redundant with two other homologous genes | Zhao, 2016 [19] | |
GmWRKY15a | WRKY family transcription factor | Glyma.05G096500 | positive | Differential expression in soybean pods is significantly associated with CT repeat variation during soybean domestication | Gu, 2017 [20] | |
Phytohormone signalling and homeostasis | GmBZR1 | transcription factor of the BR signalling pathway | Glyma.17G248900 | positive | Conserved regulation by BR signalling promotes phosphorylation/dephosphorylation ratios | Zhang, 2016 [21] |
GmGA20OX | gibberellin biosynthetic enzymes | Glyma.07G081700 | positive | Highly selected during domestication to increase the rate of GA biosynthesis | Lu, 2016 [22] | |
GmJAZ3 | protein TIFY 6a-related | Glyma.09G123600 | positive | Promotes seed size/weight and other organ sizes in stable transgenic soybean plants by increasing cell proliferation | Hu, 2023 [23] | |
SGF14f | protein SGF14f | Glyma.02G115900 | unknown | May regulate the balance of GA and ABA signalling and determine embryogenesis and seed germination | Schooheim, 2009 [24] | |
GmFAD3 | microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturase | Glyma.18G062000 | negative | Associated with fatty acid synthesis, which inhibits jasmonic acid accumulation, and silencing leads to greater seed | Singh, 2020 [25] | |
unnamed | ethylene-response factor C3 | Glyma.19G163900 | positive | AHP can promote cytokinin signaling with multiple functionally redundant genes | Claire, 2019 [26] | |
unnamed | Hpt domain | Glyma.19G151900 | positive | Possible involvement in cytokinin-mediated seed size and weight regulatory networks | Assefa1, 2019 [27] | |
GmPSKγ1 | PSK-like peptide | Glyma.02G126200 | positive | Novel peptide hormone whose tyrosine is sulfated induces embryonic cell expansion for seed growth | Yu, 2019 [28] | |
Metabolic pathway | GmST01 | UDP-galactose4-epimerase; domain 1 | Glyma.08G109100 | positive | Regulation of cell division and amplification patterns in soybean to determine seed shape | Li, 2022 [29] |
GmST05 | Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding Protein | Glyma.05G244100 | positive | regulates seed size and affects oil and protein content, which may affect the transcription of GmSWEET10a | Duan, 2022 [30] | |
GmSWEET10a | sugar efflux transporter SWEET39 | Glyma.15G049200 | positive | The former is strongly selected in domestication and the latter is being selected, both contribute to the sugar distribution from the seed coat to the embryo by transporting sucrose and hexose, thus increasing oil content and seed size | Wang, 2020 [31] | |
GmSWEET10b | sugar efflux transporter SWEET24 | Glyma.08G183500 | positive | |||
CIF1 | Cell wall invertase inhibitors | Glyma.17G036300 | negative | Coordination of seed maturation by post-translational fine-tuning of sucrose metabolism and library strength by CWI | Tang, 2017 [32] | |
GmDREBL | Caskin/Ankyrin repeat-containing protein | Glyma.12G11150 | positive | Involved in the regulation of fatty acid accumulation by controlling the expression of WRI1 and its downstream genes | Zhang, 2016 [33] | |
GmNSS | PEPTIDASE-C1 DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN | Glyma.08G309000 | positive | Regulation of the size of the outer bead cover cell | Zhang, 2023 [34] | |
Other regulators | GmDof4 | DOF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN DOF1.1-RELATED | Glyma.17G081800 | positive | Increasing lipid content in soybean seeds by upregulating genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis and direct binding downregulation of the storage protein gene CRA1 by the cis-DNA element in its promoter region | Wang, 2007 [35] |
GmDof11 | DOF ZINC FINGER PROTEIN DOF1.1-RELATED | Glyma.13G329000 | positive | |||
unnamed | RING FINGER AND CHY ZINC FINGER DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 | Glyma.17G202700 | unknown | Prediction by GWAS analysis may correlate with seed size | Assefa1, 2019 [27] | |
GmSSS1 | tetratricopeptide repeat protein, TPR | Glyma.19G196000 | positive | Exerts a positive impact on cell expansion and cell division, thus regulating the ultimate size of soybean seeds | Zhu, 2022 [36] |