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Topic Review
MF-DCMANet for PolSAR Target Recognition
Multi-polarization SAR data offers an advantage over single-polarization SAR data in that it not only provides amplitude (intensity) information but also records backward scattering information of the target under different polarization states, which can be represented through the polarimetric scattering matrix.
  • 351
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Robustness Enhancement of Feedback Control in DC/DC Converters
One major limitation that feedback control methods exhibit, to different extent, is the low robustness against disturbances, which deteriorates their performance. For the enhancement of the robustness, various solutions have been proposed in literature, such as adaptive control structures or the integration of disturbance observers. These approaches to enhance the robustness of the feedback controllers are discussed in a systematic way. Researchers focus on the technologies that offer robustness in a generic baseline feedback controller, rather than on the modification of a specific feedback control method. Three extensively utilised approaches are reviewed, by presenting their principles and common structures in their application for the voltage regulation in DC/DC converters.
  • 348
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Networked Microgrids
The increasing impact of climate change and rising occurrences of natural disasters pose substantial threats to power systems. Strengthening resilience against these low-probability, high-impact events is crucial. The proposition of reconfiguring traditional power systems into advanced networked microgrids (NMGs) emerges as a promising solution.
  • 347
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Open Radio Access Networks
The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation.
  • 347
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
New Energy Ship Digital Twin Technology
The shipping industry will undergo a transformation to low-carbon, intelligent and integrated operation and maintenance (O&M). Ship Digital Twin (DT) technology twins the shipping entity in the real world and the virtual twin in the digital world. A virtual ship twin can reproduce various operational conditions and complicated event processes. Ship DT is a new technology that offers three distinct advantages for new energy ships: It uses multi-dimensional multi-source data to create the navigational environment twin for new energy ships. The navigational environment twin accurately simulates the condition for the shipboard’s new energy. DT also combines the ship and the meteorological environment together in a virtual space to predict the power output for a new energy ship; DT allows intelligent O&M for new energy ships and provides smart real-time strategies for ship power scheduling, fault detection, and predictive maintenance. DT determines the whole life cycle performance for new energy ships to increase their long-term and overall economy. DT technology significantly increases the efficiency of ship power studies and reduces the experimental risk. DT for a new energy ship power system allows the transient simulation of a power system.
  • 345
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Towards the Cognitive Factory in Industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 (I5.0) represents a shift towards a human-centered industry and emphasizes the integration of human and machine capabilities. A highly compatible concept for enabling the I5.0 implementation is intelligent spaces (ISs), i.e., physical spaces equipped with a network of sensors, which obtains information about the place it observes, and a network of actuators, which enables changes in the environment through computing services. These spaces can sense, interpret, recognize user behavior, adapt to preferences, and provide natural interactions between humans and intelligent systems, using the IoT, AI, computer vision, data analytics, etc., to create dynamic and adaptive environments in real time.
  • 344
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Power Systems’ Resilience
The article makes an in-depth examination of the previous literature on power systems resilience. Power systems are constructed to withstand stochastic element outage under the N-1 security theory. However, several natural disasters have caused extraordinary challenges to power systems due to climate change, emphasising the position that power systems are unprepared for extreme events of large scale and severity level.
  • 344
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bird Technologies
Bird provides radio frequency communication products, services, calibration and training for the public security, cellular networks, broadcasting, semiconductor, military, government and medical industries. Bird's product portfolio includes spectrum analyzers, antenna and cable testers, power sensors, power meters and monitors, wattmeters, attenuators, terminations and loads, cellular repeaters, signal boosters, distributed antenna systems (DAS), RF streaming solutions, RF signal generation, and RF software analysis tools. The company's core market segments are Coverage Enhancement, Off Air Testing, M2M Sensors and Test & Measurement. Bird sells its products online, as well as through a network of distributors and sales representatives worldwide.
  • 341
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phasor Measurement Units for Modern Power Systems
The development of modern power systems is directly related to changes in the traditional principles of management, planning, and monitoring of electrical modes. The mass introduction of renewable energy sources and control devices based on power electronics components contributes to changing the nature of the flow of transient and quasi-established electrical modes.
  • 340
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Contacts at the Nanoscale
Contact scaling is a major challenge in nano complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as the surface roughness, contact size, film thicknesses, and undoped substrate become more problematic as the technology shrinks to the nanometer range. These factors increase the contact resistance and the nonlinearity of the current–voltage characteristics, which could limit the benefits of the further downsizing of CMOS devices. 
  • 339
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Energy Storage Systems for Urban-Driven Electric Vehicles
The prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) is of a great significance to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Boosting the performance of energy management systems (EMSs) of electric vehicles (EVs) helps encourage their mass adoption by addressing range anxiety concerns. 
  • 337
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Residential EV Charging Stations based on Renewable Energy
Charging electric vehicles (EVs) is of great concern both for future vehicle owners and grid operators, with charging at home being the preferred solution by 90% of owners. In addition, the supplied electricity needs to be clean in order to reduce emissions. 
  • 335
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
LiDAR Configuration within a Deep Reinforcement Learning
Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has shown great potential in mapless autonomous robot navigation and path planning. These DRL methods rely on robots equipped with different light detection and range (LiDAR) sensors with a wide field of view (FOV) configuration to perceive their environment. These types of LiDAR sensors are expensive and are not suitable for small-scale applications.
  • 332
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Intrusion Detection in IoT
With the massive explosion in the deployment of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices globally, the security of these devices has become a critical concern. IoT devices are resource-constrained by nature. This means conventional security practices tend to be impossible, or impractical, to implement on these devices. The majority of the work focusing on IoT devices in security only considers the network traffic to and from the device. By inspecting this data, it is possible to infer if a device is under attack or has been attacked. Much research has been conducted in the field of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for IoT devices. These IDS can either be network-based (NIDS), which are usually located on the IoT gateway, or host-based (HIDS), which are implemented on the device itself.
  • 329
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Copper RTD directly fabricated on ceramic-coated stainless-steel tube
Reducing the economic and environmental impact of industrial process may be achieved by the smartisation of different components. In this work, tube smartisation is presented via direct fabrication of a copper (Cu)-based resistive temperature detector (RTD) on their outer surfaces. The testing was carried out between room temperature and 250 °C. For this purpose, copper depositions were studied using mid-frequency (MF) and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). Stainless steel tubes with an outside inert ceramic coating were used after giving them a shot blasting treatment. The Cu deposition was performed at around 425 °C to improve adhesion as well as the electrical properties of the sensor. To generate the pattern of the Cu RTD, a photolithography process was carried out. The RTD was then protected from external degradation by a silicon oxide film deposited over it by means of two different techniques: sol–gel dipping technique and reactive magnetron sputtering.
  • 328
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fall Detection and Activity Logging Using Motion Classification
The entry presents a novel approach to detect falls in people who use orthopedic walkers, especially in older people and people with limited mobility. Recognizing that walker users may not wear traditional wearable devices, such as bracelets, consistently, the researchers propose connecting an Internet of Things (IoT) device equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor directly to the walker. This setup aims to provide real-time fall detection and activity logging. To support this system, a data set capturing four distinct activities of walker users was collected and labeled: idle, motion, step, and fall.
  • 328
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Swarm Exploration and Communications
Swarm exploration by multi-agent systems relies on stable inter-agent communication. However, so far both exploration and communication have been mainly considered separately despite their strong inter-dependency in such systems. By a semantic communication design, communication efficiency in terms of latency, required data rate, energy, and complexity may be improved. 
  • 326
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Technology and System Structure
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, charging facilities for electric vehicles are gradually improving, thus meeting the demand for fast and safe charging. 
  • 324
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Applications of 6G
Emerging technologies continue to grow across diverse fields and facilitate a variety of services that benefit all kinds of end users. The suitability of indoor wireless networks in delivering 6G applications depends on the QoS requirements of the applications. 
  • 321
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Factors Influence Designing of Sophomore Circuits Courses
Electrical engineering introductory circuit courses are the first context in which students are exposed to simple, steady-state, or direct current (DC) to complex, transient, or alternating current (AC) circuit theory and concepts. While students are usually taught basic circuit concepts in physics classes, introductory classes tend to go into more depth, as these classes form the basis for a specialization in electrical engineering. 
  • 320
  • 20 Oct 2023
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