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Topic Review
IPSCs in Therapy of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) belongs to chronic degenerative disorders and is often a leading cause of disability in elderly patients. Typically, OA is manifested by articular cartilage erosion, pain, stiffness, and crepitus. The invention of induced plu-ripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has created new opportunities to increase the efficacy of the cartilage healing process. iPSCs may represent an unlimited source of chondrocytes derived from a pa-tient’s somatic cells, circumventing ethical and immunological issues.
  • 660
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Exercise Induced Anaphylaxis
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis (EIAn) is a rare condition in which anaphylaxis, a serious or life-threatening allergic response, is brought on by physical activity. Approximately 5-15% of all reported cases of anaphylaxis are thought to be exercise-induced. The exact proportion of the population with EIAn is unknown, but a 2001 study of 76,229 Japanese junior high students showed that the frequency of EIAn was 0.031%. EIAn is not a widely known or understood condition, with the first research on the disorder only having been conducted in the past 40 years. A case report in 1979 on EIAn was the first research of its kind, where a patient was described to experience anaphylactic shock related to exercise 5–24 hours following the consumption of shellfish. The condition is thought to be more prevalent in women, with two studies of EIAn patients reporting a ratio of 2:1 for females:males with the disorder. There is, however, thought to be no link to race. Survey results from EIAn patients have shown that the average number of attacks per year is 14.5. However, most sufferers of EIAn report that both severity and frequency of attacks decrease over time.
  • 660
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 660
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pregnancy-Related Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease, a T cell–mediated disorder secondary to inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation that affects 1–3% of the population. Its course is unpredictable and capricious but usually is associated with chronic immune-mediated findings and generalised inflammatory disease. Most forms begin before the age of 40, which corresponds with the reproductive period for most women.
  • 656
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lower Extremity Endovascular Revascularization
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerosis, which may affect arteries of the lower extremities. The most dangerous PAD complication is chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Without revascularization, CLTI often causes limb loss. However, neither open surgical revascularization nor endovascular treatment (EVT) ensure long-term success and freedom from restenosis and revascularization failure. In recent years, EVT has gained growing acceptance among all vascular specialties, becoming the primary approach of revascularization in patients with CLTI. In clinical practice, different clinical outcomes after EVT in patients with similar comorbidities undergoing the same procedure (in terms of revascularization technique and localization of the disease) cause unsolved issues that need to be addressed. Nowadays, risk management of revascularization failure is one of the major challenges in the vascular field.
  • 654
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Multiple Sclerosis
The novel coronavirus can cause a severe respiratory disease with impact on the central nervous system, as has been reported by several medical health services. In the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 neurotrophic virus, neurologists have focused their attention on the early identification of suggestive manifestations of the neurological impact of the disease. In this context, they are exploring related chronic disease and the possibility of achieving a more effective understanding of symptoms derived from COVID-19 infection and those derived from the course of preexisting neurological disease.
  • 652
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Marine-Derived Bioactive Substances' Microbicidal Mechanisms
Marine natural compounds suppress or kill plant pathogenic pathogens through different mechanisms, including affecting microbial cell wall synthesis, cell membrane permeability, fatty acid metabolism, respiratory system, cytoskeleton, bacterial quorum sensing (QS), as well as inducing plant immune system for inhibition.
  • 650
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
The chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11.2) deletion syndrome is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a marked variability of phenotypic features, making the diagnosis challenging for clinicians. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations includes congenital heart defects—most frequently conotruncal cardiac anomalies—thymic hypoplasia and predominating cellular immune deficiency, laryngeal developmental defects, midline anomalies with cleft palate and velar insufficiency, structural airway defects, facial dysmorphism, parathyroid and thyroid gland hormonal dysfunctions, speech delay, developmental delay, and neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. 
  • 648
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Poly Lactic-co-glycolic Acid Nano in Drug Delivery
Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including apparently unrelated conditions such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, and tumors, but the use of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs to treat these diseases is generally not very effective given their adverse effects. In addition, some alternative anti-inflammatory medications, such as many natural compounds, have scarce solubility and stability, which are associated with low bioavailability.
  • 648
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Superspreader
A superspreader is an unusually contagious organism infected with a disease. In the context of a human-borne illness, a superspreader is an individual who is more likely to infect others, compared with a typical infected person. Such superspreaders are of particular concern in epidemiology. Some cases of superspreading conform to the 80/20 rule, where approximately 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although superspreading can still be said to occur when superspreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions. In epidemics with such superspreader events (SSEV), the majority of individuals infect relatively few secondary contacts. SSEVs are shaped by multiple factors including a decline in herd immunity, nosocomial infections, virulence, viral load, misdiagnosis, airflow dynamics, immune suppression, and co-infection with another pathogen. Children, who can superspread measles disease, appear not to superspread SARS-CoV-2. In fact, some children appear to have a form of immunity from the more recent disease.
  • 645
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transarterial Chemoembolilzation
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is widely recommended as a first-line treatment for intermediate-stage HCC. TACE is based on the predominantly arterial vascularization of HCC compared to the surrounding normal liver parenchyma, and aims to induce tumor necrosis by injecting chemotherapy agents with blockade of the arterial blood supply of tumor. 
  • 642
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Pulmonary Manifestations and Rheumatic Diseases
Among the diverse forms of lung involvement, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are two important conditions in patients with rheumatic diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of ILD and PAH is challenging because the current treatment often provides only limited patient survival benefits. Such challenges derive from their common pathogenic mechanisms, where not only the inflammatory processes of immune cells but also the fibrotic and proliferative processes of nonimmune cells play critical roles in disease progression, making immunosuppressive therapy less effective. Recently, updated treatment strategies adopting targeted agents have been introduced with promising results in clinical trials for ILD ad PAH.
  • 640
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Palliative Care and Multi-Agent Systems
Palliative care is intended to relieve caregivers of physical, psychological, and even spiritual elements of care. One of the most prevalent issues facing this form of care is a lack of healthcare resources and structures to deal with an aging population. This aging population is placing a strain on the healthcare system, prompting a need for a shift in system management. A potential answer to this issue may be the Multi-Agent System (MAS). This category of computerized networking system was created by programmers to gather relevant health information on a patient and allow for the system to act with other agents to decide the best course for disease management. It can also allow for a multidisciplinary healthcare team to make more informed plans of actions for their patients by providing accurate and up-to-date information resulting from a greater synergetic mesh. MASs could fulfill the demands of a rising chronic illness population and deliver high-quality care, indicating a major paradigm shift within the US.
  • 640
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
AOAart
AOAart.cn (Autistic or Artistic? Art) is an organisation created by the Beijing Rehabilitation Association of Autistic Children, which allows autistic individuals to express their originality and personality through art. The society aims to raise awareness of autism whilst supporting the individuals in their realization of self-value and to become part of a community with their own power, thus regaining pride and dignity for autistic people. The aim of AOAart is to regain pride and dignity for autistic people, support autistic people in their realization of self-value and to return to the community with their own power, and, through social interaction with autistic people, stimulate humanistic reflection and to rethink about human conditions and values.
  • 639
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polyionic Virus-like Particles Vaccines
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are formed by self-assembly in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus. Polyarginine/cysteine-tagged antigens are linked to the VLP by a reversible disulfide bond. The VLP possesses self-adjuvanting properties due to the immunostimulatory activity of papillomavirus VLPs. Polyionic VLP vaccines induce robust CD8+ T cell responses in peripheral blood and tumor tissues.
  • 638
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Takotsubo Syndrome and Psychosocial Stress Response
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a cardiomyopathy that clinically presents as a transient and reversible left ventricular wall motion abnormality (LVWMA). Recovery can occur spontaneously within hours or weeks. Studies have shown that it mainly affects older people. In particular, there is a higher prevalence in postmenopausal women. Physical and emotional stress factors are widely discussed and generally recognized triggers. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the associated glucocorticoid-dependent negative feedback play an important role in the resulting immune response.
  • 637
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid for Neuropathic Orofacial Pain
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system [1][2]. Neuropathic pain in the orofacial regions (e.g., head, neck, face, oral, or perioral regions) can be termed as neuropathic orofacial pain (NOP) and may arise from nerve compression or injury to peripheral nerves during dental operative procedures, such as tooth extraction, root canal treatment, and dental implant surgery (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia, post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) as well as from systemic diseases (e.g., diabetic neuropathy), viral infections (e.g., trigeminal post-herpetic neuralgia) and neurovascular diseases (e.g., tension type headache, chronic/episodic migraine) [3][4][5][6][7]. NOP may be characterized by spontaneous pain (ongoing or episodic), pain resulting from stimuli that would not normally provoke pain (allodynia) and exaggerated pain responses to noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia) [3][4][5][6].
  • 636
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Eating Disorders and Development
Eating disorders typically peak at specific periods in development, notably sensitive and transitional periods such as puberty. Feeding and eating disorders in childhood are often the result of a complex interplay of organic and non-organic factors. Medical conditions, developmental problems and temperament are all strongly correlated with feeding disorders, but important contextual features of the environment and parental behavior have also been found to influence the development of childhood eating disorders. Given the complexity of early childhood eating problems, consideration of both biological and behavioral factors is warranted for diagnosis and treatment. Revisions in the DSM-5 have attempted to improve diagnostic utility for clinicians working with feeding and eating disorder patients. In the DSM-5, diagnostic categories are less defined by age of patient, and guided more by developmental differences in presentation and expression of eating problems.
  • 635
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine
The Janssen or Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson. It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human adenovirus that has been modified to contain the gene for making the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The body's immune system responds to this spike protein to produce antibodies. The vaccine requires only one dose and does not need to be stored frozen. Clinical trials for the vaccine were started in June 2020, with Phase III trials involving around 43,000 people. On 29 January 2021, Janssen announced that 28 days after a completed vaccination, the vaccine was 66% effective in a one-dose regimen in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, with an 85% efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19, and 100% efficacy in preventing hospitalization or death caused by the disease. The vaccine has been granted an Emergency Use Authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and a conditional marketing authorisation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
  • 634
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Kidney Disease
Kidney disease encompasses a diverse group of disorders that vary in their underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes. These disorders include acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and many others. Despite their distinct etiologies, these disorders share a common feature of immune system dysregulation and metabolic disturbances. The immune system and metabolic pathways are intimately connected and interact to modulate the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. The dysregulation of immune responses in kidney diseases includes a complex interplay between various immune cell types, including resident and infiltrating immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors. These immune factors can trigger and perpetuate kidney inflammation, causing renal tissue injury and progressive fibrosis.
  • 632
  • 06 Jul 2023
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