Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Pregnancy-Related Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease, a T cell–mediated disorder secondary to inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation that affects 1–3% of the population. Its course is unpredictable and capricious but usually is associated with chronic immune-mediated findings and generalised inflammatory disease. Most forms begin before the age of 40, which corresponds with the reproductive period for most women.
  • 686
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mental Health Awareness Month
Mental Health Awareness Month (also referred to as "Mental Health Month") has been observed in May in the United States since 1949, reaching millions of people in the United States through the media, local events, and screenings. Mental Health Awareness Month was started in the United States in 1949 by the Mental Health America organization (then known as the National Association for Mental Health). Each year in mid-March Mental Health America releases a toolkit of materials to guide preparation for outreach activities during Mental Health Awareness Month. During the month of May, Mental Health America, its affiliates, and other organizations interested in mental health conduct a number of activities which are based on a different theme each year. 
  • 684
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurooncology
Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are (at least eventually) very dangerous and life-threatening (astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumors are among the many examples of these). Among the malignant brain cancers, gliomas of the brainstem and pons, glioblastoma multiforme, and high-grade (highly anaplastic) astrocytoma are among the worst. In these cases, untreated survival usually amounts to only a few months, and survival with current radiation and chemotherapy treatments may extend that time from around a year to a year and a half, possibly two or more, depending on the patient's condition, immune function, treatments used, and the specific type of malignant brain neoplasm. Surgery may in some cases be curative, but, as a general rule, malignant brain cancers tend to regenerate and emerge from remission easily, especially highly malignant cases. In such cases, the goal is to excise as much of the mass (tumor cells) and as much of the tumor margin as possible without endangering vital functions or other important cognitive abilities.
  • 684
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Patient Navigators
Patient navigators educate and assist United States citizens in enrolling into health benefit plans stipulated in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Patient navigators are also called "insurance navigators" or "in-person assisters" who have defined roles under the ACA. Although their roles might overlap, patient navigators are not community health workers or health advocates. "Navigators" work in states with Federally-Facilitated Exchanges (FFEs) or State Partnership Exchanges. Under the ACA, a health insurance marketplace, or exchange, is required to develop and fund a patient navigator program. The patient navigator's primary role, as defined in section 1311, is to educate the public on information about health care plans, to facilitate enrollment into health plans, and provide information for tax credits and cost-sharing reductions. The education and information provided by patient navigators must be culturally and linguistically appropriate and provided in a fair and impartial manner. Patient navigators are required to meet standards and core proficiencies established by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
  • 681
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Marine-Derived Bioactive Substances' Microbicidal Mechanisms
Marine natural compounds suppress or kill plant pathogenic pathogens through different mechanisms, including affecting microbial cell wall synthesis, cell membrane permeability, fatty acid metabolism, respiratory system, cytoskeleton, bacterial quorum sensing (QS), as well as inducing plant immune system for inhibition.
  • 679
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
QbD for Industrial Pharmacy in Costa Rican Academy
The Quality by Design (QbD) model stands out as a great methodology for carrying out research projects regarding Pharmaceutical Sciences, but especially for Industrial Pharmacy, where it has contributed in terms of formulation development, manufacturing, and quality control. Academic research based on this model enables the training and development of practical, scientific, and leadership skills in Industrial Pharmacy students. The generated knowledge can be shared in classrooms, which represents an ideal environment to communicate research results and to foster collaborative work between researchers, professors, and students. Moreover, research performed through a QbD approach increases the confidence shown by the industrial sector and health regulatory authorities in the quality of the research, products, and knowledge that are developed and created in an Academy. As a result, the implementation of the model has allowed the creation, transfer, and materialization of knowledge from the Costa Rican Academy to different local pharmaceutical industries. 
  • 677
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lower Extremity Endovascular Revascularization
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerosis, which may affect arteries of the lower extremities. The most dangerous PAD complication is chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Without revascularization, CLTI often causes limb loss. However, neither open surgical revascularization nor endovascular treatment (EVT) ensure long-term success and freedom from restenosis and revascularization failure. In recent years, EVT has gained growing acceptance among all vascular specialties, becoming the primary approach of revascularization in patients with CLTI. In clinical practice, different clinical outcomes after EVT in patients with similar comorbidities undergoing the same procedure (in terms of revascularization technique and localization of the disease) cause unsolved issues that need to be addressed. Nowadays, risk management of revascularization failure is one of the major challenges in the vascular field.
  • 675
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
IPSCs in Therapy of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) belongs to chronic degenerative disorders and is often a leading cause of disability in elderly patients. Typically, OA is manifested by articular cartilage erosion, pain, stiffness, and crepitus. The invention of induced plu-ripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has created new opportunities to increase the efficacy of the cartilage healing process. iPSCs may represent an unlimited source of chondrocytes derived from a pa-tient’s somatic cells, circumventing ethical and immunological issues.
  • 670
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Multiple Sclerosis
The novel coronavirus can cause a severe respiratory disease with impact on the central nervous system, as has been reported by several medical health services. In the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 neurotrophic virus, neurologists have focused their attention on the early identification of suggestive manifestations of the neurological impact of the disease. In this context, they are exploring related chronic disease and the possibility of achieving a more effective understanding of symptoms derived from COVID-19 infection and those derived from the course of preexisting neurological disease.
  • 667
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Exercise Induced Anaphylaxis
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis (EIAn) is a rare condition in which anaphylaxis, a serious or life-threatening allergic response, is brought on by physical activity. Approximately 5-15% of all reported cases of anaphylaxis are thought to be exercise-induced. The exact proportion of the population with EIAn is unknown, but a 2001 study of 76,229 Japanese junior high students showed that the frequency of EIAn was 0.031%. EIAn is not a widely known or understood condition, with the first research on the disorder only having been conducted in the past 40 years. A case report in 1979 on EIAn was the first research of its kind, where a patient was described to experience anaphylactic shock related to exercise 5–24 hours following the consumption of shellfish. The condition is thought to be more prevalent in women, with two studies of EIAn patients reporting a ratio of 2:1 for females:males with the disorder. There is, however, thought to be no link to race. Survey results from EIAn patients have shown that the average number of attacks per year is 14.5. However, most sufferers of EIAn report that both severity and frequency of attacks decrease over time.
  • 666
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
GLP-1 Biomarkers in the Development of Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic illnesses, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have become worldwide epidemics that have an effect on public health. Clinical investigations and further exploration of these mechanisms could lead to innovative, effective, and personalized treatment strategies for individuals. It is important to screen biomarkers in previous studies to discover what is missing. Glucagon-like peptide-1′s role in insulin secretion and glucose control highlights its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.  In validating these biomarkers, it will be easier to reflect pathophysiological processes, and clinicians will be able to better assess disease severity, monitor disease progression, and tailor treatment strategies. 
  • 666
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Eating Disorders and Development
Eating disorders typically peak at specific periods in development, notably sensitive and transitional periods such as puberty. Feeding and eating disorders in childhood are often the result of a complex interplay of organic and non-organic factors. Medical conditions, developmental problems and temperament are all strongly correlated with feeding disorders, but important contextual features of the environment and parental behavior have also been found to influence the development of childhood eating disorders. Given the complexity of early childhood eating problems, consideration of both biological and behavioral factors is warranted for diagnosis and treatment. Revisions in the DSM-5 have attempted to improve diagnostic utility for clinicians working with feeding and eating disorder patients. In the DSM-5, diagnostic categories are less defined by age of patient, and guided more by developmental differences in presentation and expression of eating problems.
  • 662
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Takotsubo Syndrome and Psychosocial Stress Response
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a cardiomyopathy that clinically presents as a transient and reversible left ventricular wall motion abnormality (LVWMA). Recovery can occur spontaneously within hours or weeks. Studies have shown that it mainly affects older people. In particular, there is a higher prevalence in postmenopausal women. Physical and emotional stress factors are widely discussed and generally recognized triggers. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the associated glucocorticoid-dependent negative feedback play an important role in the resulting immune response.
  • 656
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Superspreader
A superspreader is an unusually contagious organism infected with a disease. In the context of a human-borne illness, a superspreader is an individual who is more likely to infect others, compared with a typical infected person. Such superspreaders are of particular concern in epidemiology. Some cases of superspreading conform to the 80/20 rule, where approximately 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although superspreading can still be said to occur when superspreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions. In epidemics with such superspreader events (SSEV), the majority of individuals infect relatively few secondary contacts. SSEVs are shaped by multiple factors including a decline in herd immunity, nosocomial infections, virulence, viral load, misdiagnosis, airflow dynamics, immune suppression, and co-infection with another pathogen. Children, who can superspread measles disease, appear not to superspread SARS-CoV-2. In fact, some children appear to have a form of immunity from the more recent disease.
  • 654
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Palliative Care and Multi-Agent Systems
Palliative care is intended to relieve caregivers of physical, psychological, and even spiritual elements of care. One of the most prevalent issues facing this form of care is a lack of healthcare resources and structures to deal with an aging population. This aging population is placing a strain on the healthcare system, prompting a need for a shift in system management. A potential answer to this issue may be the Multi-Agent System (MAS). This category of computerized networking system was created by programmers to gather relevant health information on a patient and allow for the system to act with other agents to decide the best course for disease management. It can also allow for a multidisciplinary healthcare team to make more informed plans of actions for their patients by providing accurate and up-to-date information resulting from a greater synergetic mesh. MASs could fulfill the demands of a rising chronic illness population and deliver high-quality care, indicating a major paradigm shift within the US.
  • 654
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Manifestations and Rheumatic Diseases
Among the diverse forms of lung involvement, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are two important conditions in patients with rheumatic diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of ILD and PAH is challenging because the current treatment often provides only limited patient survival benefits. Such challenges derive from their common pathogenic mechanisms, where not only the inflammatory processes of immune cells but also the fibrotic and proliferative processes of nonimmune cells play critical roles in disease progression, making immunosuppressive therapy less effective. Recently, updated treatment strategies adopting targeted agents have been introduced with promising results in clinical trials for ILD ad PAH.
  • 650
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Transarterial Chemoembolilzation
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is widely recommended as a first-line treatment for intermediate-stage HCC. TACE is based on the predominantly arterial vascularization of HCC compared to the surrounding normal liver parenchyma, and aims to induce tumor necrosis by injecting chemotherapy agents with blockade of the arterial blood supply of tumor. 
  • 649
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that mainly affects children and adolescents. OS has a strong tendency to relapse and metastasize, resulting in poor prognosis and survival. The high heterogeneity and genetic complexity of OS make it challenging to identify new therapeutic targets. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, or chondroblasts. OS is thought to originate at some stage in the differentiation process of MSC to pre-osteoblast or from osteoblast precursors. MSCs contribute to OS progression by interacting with tumor cells via paracrine signaling and affect tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune response, and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by OS cells and MSCs in the tumor microenvironment, are crucial mediators of intercellular communication, driving OS progression by transferring miRNAs/RNA and proteins to other cells. MSC-derived EVs have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects on OS progression. MSC-EVs can be also engineered to deliver anti-tumor cargo to the tumor site, which offers potential applications in MSC-EV-based OS treatment. 
  • 649
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Polyionic Virus-like Particles Vaccines
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are formed by self-assembly in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus. Polyarginine/cysteine-tagged antigens are linked to the VLP by a reversible disulfide bond. The VLP possesses self-adjuvanting properties due to the immunostimulatory activity of papillomavirus VLPs. Polyionic VLP vaccines induce robust CD8+ T cell responses in peripheral blood and tumor tissues.
  • 648
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine
The Janssen or Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine that was developed by Janssen Vaccines in Leiden, Netherlands, and its Belgian parent company Janssen Pharmaceuticals, subsidiary of American company Johnson & Johnson. It is a viral vector vaccine based on a human adenovirus that has been modified to contain the gene for making the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The body's immune system responds to this spike protein to produce antibodies. The vaccine requires only one dose and does not need to be stored frozen. Clinical trials for the vaccine were started in June 2020, with Phase III trials involving around 43,000 people. On 29 January 2021, Janssen announced that 28 days after a completed vaccination, the vaccine was 66% effective in a one-dose regimen in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, with an 85% efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19, and 100% efficacy in preventing hospitalization or death caused by the disease. The vaccine has been granted an Emergency Use Authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and a conditional marketing authorisation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
  • 646
  • 20 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback