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Topic Review
Thermal Monitoring Techniques for Radial Permanent Magnet Machines
Permanent magnet machines are widely applied in motor drive systems. Therefore, condition monitoring of permanent magnet machines has great significance to assist maintenance. High temperatures are accountable for lots of typical malfunctions and faults, such as demagnetization of the permanent magnet (PM) and inter-turn short circuit of stator windings. Therefore, temperature monitoring of the PM and stator windings is essential for reliable operation.
  • 402
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lumped Element Model
The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions. It is useful in electrical systems (including electronics), mechanical multibody systems, heat transfer, acoustics, etc. Mathematically speaking, the simplification reduces the state space of the system to a finite dimension, and the partial differential equations (PDEs) of the continuous (infinite-dimensional) time and space model of the physical system into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a finite number of parameters.
  • 401
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Energy Sources for Microgrid Energy Management
Renewable energy sources are a viable choice to satisfy rising energy consumption and promote the advancement of sustainable development. These systems are integrated into microgrids using a variety of technological solutions to ensure customer communication and distributed generation facilities in an optimal way. Energy management in microgrids refers to the information and control system that provides the necessary functionality to guarantee that the generating and distribution systems produce energy at the lowest expenses. 
  • 401
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ethernet Frame Format
Ethernet is a widely used networking technology that finds its application in local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and other fields, such as industry, avionics, telecommunication, and multimedia. The Ethernet technology was introduced in 1980, and the first standardization was conducted in 1983 by IEEE 802.3.
  • 401
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Materials for Frequency Down-Conversion Light-Emitting Diodes
Luminescent carbon dots (CDs) are a new form of nanocarbon quantum dot (QD) that have gained a huge amount of interest in recent years for their properties; in particular, their optical properties make them suitable for light-emitting diode (LED) manufacturing. One of the most frequently used methods for obtaining different emission spectra is color conversion, typically used for high CRI and white LEDs and displays, where the lowest emission wavelength source pumps other layers of materials, commonly called phosphors, that induce a conversion to the highest wavelengths.
  • 399
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lockout-Tagout
Lockout-tagout (LOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work. It requires that hazardous energy sources be "isolated and rendered inoperative" before work is started on the equipment in question. The isolated power sources are then locked and a tag is placed on the lock identifying the worker who placed it. The worker then holds the key for the lock ensuring that only he or she can remove the lock and start the machine. This prevents accidental startup of a machine while it is in a hazardous state or while a worker is in direct contact with it. Lockout-tagout is used across industries as a safe method of working on hazardous equipment and is mandated by law in some countries.
  • 399
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization.
  • 397
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Potential Role of ChatGPT in Scientific Works
ChatGPT is a variation of the large language model (LLM) named GPT-3 from OpenAI, trained on a given dataset. ChatGPT, which is based on GPT-3 using a specific algorithm for learning, could be used for brainstorming in a conversational way, its possibilities can bring a revolution to working environments in various professions.
  • 394
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Networked Microgrid Communications
Networked microgrids (NMGs) are developing as a viable approach for integrating an expanding number of distributed energy resources (DERs) while improving energy system performance. NMGs, as compared to typical power systems, are constructed of many linked microgrids that can function independently or as part of a more extensive network. This allows NMGs to be more flexible, dependable, and efficient. The communication network in NMGs enables seamless coordination and information exchange among interconnected microgrids. Real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of energy generation, storage, and consumption are facilitated through this communication network.
  • 393
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modeling and Control of Piezoelectric Actuators
Piezoelectric actuators find extensive application in delivering precision motion in the micrometer to nanometer range. The advantages of a broader range of motion, rapid response, higher stiffness, and large actuation force from piezoelectric actuators make them suitable for precision positioning applications. However, the inherent nonlinearity in the piezoelectric actuators under dynamic working conditions severely affects the accuracy of the generated motion. The nonlinearity in the piezoelectric actuators arises from hysteresis, creep, and vibration, which affect the performance of the piezoelectric actuator. Thus, there is a need for appropriate modeling and control approaches for piezoelectric actuators, which can model the nonlinearity phenomenon and provide adequate compensation to achieve higher motion accuracy. 
  • 391
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based Flexible Artificial Synapse
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, there is an explosion of available data for processing and analysis in any domain. However, signal processing efficiency is limited by the Von Neumann structure for the conventional computing system. Therefore, the design and construction of artificial synapse, which is the basic unit for the hardware-based neural network, by mimicking the structure and working mechanisms of biological synapses, have attracted a great amount of attention to overcome this limitation. In addition, a revolution in healthcare monitoring, neuro-prosthetics, and human–machine interfaces can be further realized with a flexible device integrating sensing, memory, and processing functions by emulating the bionic sensory and perceptual functions of neural systems. Therefore, low-dimensional materials, including both 0-dimensional materials (0D), one-dimensional (1D) materials, and two-dimensional (2D), have been employed in flexible neuromorphic devices and systems. 
  • 390
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of the Carbon Nanotubes Materials
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) replace the copper windings in the transformers and has high operating range variations with the frequency. CNTs with composites such as aluminium and copper increase the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the windings. 
  • 390
  • 28 May 2023
Topic Review
Deep-Learning-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
With the rapid development in wireless communication and 5G networks, the rapid growth in mobile users has been accompanied by an increasing demand for the electromagnetic spectrum. The birth of cognitive radio and its spectrum-sensing technology provides hope for solving the problem of low utilization of the wireless spectrum.
  • 390
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microelectromechanical Systems Based on Magnetic Polymer Films
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been increasingly used worldwide in a wide range of applications, including high tech, energy, medicine or environmental applications. Magnetic polymer composite films have been used extensively in the development of the micropumps and valves, which are critical components of the microelectromechanical systems.
  • 387
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cost-Effective Imaging Device Based on Thermographic Technology
Thermal vision-based devices are nowadays used in a number of industries, ranging from the automotive industry, surveillance, navigation, fire detection, and rescue missions to precision agriculture.
  • 387
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
The Photovoltaic Energy Systems within Renewable Energy Communities
Energy communities are on the rise globally, as they enable electricity consumers to advance the decarbonization of the energy system, while benefiting economically. Thus, they can involve the collaboration of individual consumers within residential buildings, as well as several neighborhoods, for the common purpose of expanding renewable energy and increasing their own share of locally generated renewable electricity. To reduce the entry boundaries for such a system of cummunity owned renewable energy (RE) plants and to enable trading of RE shares smart contracts within a community governed blockchain can provide a solution. In such a system prosumers could jointly buy real world PV assets and implement a digitial representation using tokens or utilities could offer token rewards for energy system beneficial behaviour thereby gradually increasing their customers' RE shares and enabling the evolvement towards active prosumership.
  • 384
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Smart Electrical Energy Systems
Energy systems around the world are going through tremendous transformations, mainly driven by carbon footprint reductions and related policy imperatives and low-carbon technological development. These transformations pose unprecedented technical challenges to the energy sector, but they also bring opportunities for energy systems to develop, adapt, and evolve.
  • 382
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Problem Formulation in Distribution Network
Distributed generators (DGs) have a high penetration rate in distribution networks (DNs). Understanding their impact on a DN is essential for achieving optimal power flow (OPF). Various DG models, such as stochastic and forecasting models, have been established and are used for OPF. While conventional OPF aims to minimize operational costs or power loss, the “Dual-Carbon” target has led to the inclusion of carbon emission reduction objectives. Additionally, state-of-the-art optimization techniques such as machine learning (ML) are being employed for OPF.
  • 381
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Electronics Laboratories in Education
Virtual reality or VR corresponds to a sensation, on the part of the user, of being physically present in a world that is not physical, through the use of images, sounds, and other stimuli created computationally for this purpose.
  • 379
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mud Channel Characteristics
The mud channel is an essential component of mud pulse telemetry (MPT) communication systems. During the transmission process, the mud pulse signal will be distorted by various factors, which increases the difficulty of signal recognition and processing at the surface. However, there are still some ambiguous and even contradictory conclusions regarding the signal transmission mechanism such as the mud channel model.
  • 378
  • 08 Oct 2023
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