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Topic Review
Subgraph Learning for Topological Geolocalization
One of the challenges of spatial cognition, such as self-localization and navigation, is to develop an efficient learning approach capable of mimicking human ability. One of the enduring challenges for the autonomous agent in the field of geoinformatics, computer vision, and robotics is to determine its location in the environment. The concept of location is inherently relative, and one cannot describe the location of an object without providing a reference or map. 
  • 794
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Contacts at the Nanoscale
Contact scaling is a major challenge in nano complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as the surface roughness, contact size, film thicknesses, and undoped substrate become more problematic as the technology shrinks to the nanometer range. These factors increase the contact resistance and the nonlinearity of the current–voltage characteristics, which could limit the benefits of the further downsizing of CMOS devices. 
  • 793
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of the Carbon Nanotubes Materials
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) replace the copper windings in the transformers and has high operating range variations with the frequency. CNTs with composites such as aluminium and copper increase the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the windings. 
  • 792
  • 28 May 2023
Topic Review
Path Optimization for a Surveillance Robot
The need for safety in both outdoor and indoor environments has led to growth in the development of mobile robots with the ability to explore surfaces. Surveillance robots are used to monitor the behavior, activities, and other changing information for the general purpose of managing, directing, or protecting one’s assets or position. In order to design a procedure capable of improving the quality of these tasks beyond human capabilities, it is imperative to address all the challenges that this implies. Specifically, within the scope of trajectory optimization, efficient route planning for autonomous vehicles is essential to minimize labor time while providing comprehensive spatial surveillance in the most efficient way possible.
  • 791
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
IoT-Assisted Vehicle Route Optimization for Solid Waste Collection
The efficient collection of municipal solid waste poses a significant challenge for the prospective development of smart cities. Using Internet of Things (IoT) technology enables the detection of various kinds of waste-related information, facilitating the implementation of a comprehensive plan for efficient waste collection.
  • 791
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Deep Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Aluminum Nitride Material
Photodetectors are important photoelectric devices that realize sensing detection through photoelectric signal transformation and have been widely used in flame sensing, conversion communication, environmental monitoring, video imaging, night vision imaging, military tracking, medical detection, and other fields. Ultraviolet with a wavelength less than 280 nm is defined as a deep ultraviolet band that will be absorbed by ozone in the atmosphere before entering the earth. Almost no signal background exists in this band on the earth, which is also called a solar-blind band. The application fields represented by ultraviolet short-range secure communication, shipborne guidance, ozone layer monitoring, and water pollution treatment need the continuous development, maturity, transformation, and application of deep ultraviolet (DUV) detection technology. Therefore, further research and development of DUV detection technology have attracted the extensive attention of researchers in relevant fields, whether in daily life or in the construction of modern national defense.
  • 787
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Programmable System-on-Chip
PSoC (programmable system-on-chip) is a family of microcontroller integrated circuits by Cypress Semiconductor. These chips include a CPU core and mixed-signal arrays of configurable integrated analog and digital peripherals.
  • 784
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Integrated Optics: Platforms and Fabrication Methods
Integrated optics is a field of study and technology that focuses on the design, fabrication, and application of optical devices and systems using integrated circuit technology. It involves the integration of various optical components, such as waveguides, couplers, modulators, detectors, and lasers, into a single substrate. One of the key advantages of integrated optics is its compatibility with electronic integrated circuits. This compatibility enables seamless integration of optical and electronic functionalities onto the same chip, allowing efficient data transfer between optical and electronic domains. This synergy is crucial for applications such as optical interconnects in high-speed communication systems, optical sensing interfaces, and optoelectronic integrated circuits. This entry presents a brief study on some of the widely used and commercially available optical platforms and fabrication methods that can be used to create photonic integrated circuits.
  • 783
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Query-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks
In the context of query-driven wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a unique scenario arises where sensor nodes are solicited by a base station, also known as a sink, based on specific areas of interest (AoIs). Upon receiving a query, designated sensor nodes are tasked with transmitting their data to the sink.
  • 783
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Power System Stabilizers
A power system (PS) is a complex system consisting of devices for the generation, transmission, distribution, processing, and consumption of electric energy. The expansion of a PS causes a number of new stability problems that scientists try to solve in various ways, including the use of appropriate devices and control systems, the most popular of which are power system stabilizers (PSSs). It should be emphasized that the use of classic power system stabilizers in the modern digital voltage regulators of synchronous generators does not require large financial outlays (a PSS is implemented as an additional fragment of the voltage regulator program code) compared to other solutions improving PS stability (e.g., FACTS systems).
  • 776
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Standards for Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Infrastructures
The crucial role of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the surveillance and administration of critical infrastructures (CIs) contributes to their reliability, security, and operational efficiency. It starts by detailing the international significance and structural aspects of these infrastructures, mentions the market tension in recent years in the gradual development of wireless networks for industrial applications, and proceeds to categorize WSNs and examine the protocols and standards of WSNs in demanding environments like critical infrastructures, drawing on the recent literature.
  • 775
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flexible Circuit Board
Flexible circuit board, also known as flex circuit board, is a special type of printed circuit board where the board has at least a portion which is bendable. Typical use case of flex circuits is referred to as FFC (flexible flat cable) and is used as replacement of cable wires and connectors, in which case the flex circuit is designed without electronic components. Other common use includes components assembled on the flex circuit such as led strip and LCD panel interface. The electronic circuit is designed on flexible plastic substrate, usually polyimide film for its high heat resistance which makes is suitable for solder mounting components. In some cases polyester film may used as substrate material, where heat resistance is not needed and no components are soldered on the board. Instead, the board is printed with an industrial printer capable of dispensing conductive ink such as silver ink or carbon ink onto the polyester substrate. Examples of use are touch sensors in computer keyboards for key press detection.
  • 774
  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cost-Effective Imaging Device Based on Thermographic Technology
Thermal vision-based devices are nowadays used in a number of industries, ranging from the automotive industry, surveillance, navigation, fire detection, and rescue missions to precision agriculture.
  • 772
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Testbed for IoT Smart Applications
Wireless sensor network (WSN) environment monitoring and smart city applications present challenges for maintaining network connectivity when, for example, dynamic events occur. Such applications can benefit from recent technologies such as software-defined networks (SDNs) and network virtualization to support network flexibility and offer validation for a physical network.
  • 767
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Design Technologies of HSPMM and Drive Systems
The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), first introduced by German scholars, has brought increasing opportunities and challenges to manufacturing, energy, construction and other industries, which refers to the use of the cyber-physical system (CPS) to digitize and make intelligent the manufacturing and business information in supply chains, and finally achieve rapid, effective and personalized industrial system architectures. The design fundamentals and technologies of HSPMM drive systems are reviewed. 
  • 766
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lumped Element Model
The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions. It is useful in electrical systems (including electronics), mechanical multibody systems, heat transfer, acoustics, etc. Mathematically speaking, the simplification reduces the state space of the system to a finite dimension, and the partial differential equations (PDEs) of the continuous (infinite-dimensional) time and space model of the physical system into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a finite number of parameters.
  • 765
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Designing a Robot against COVID-19—Robocov
Robocov, designed as a rapid response against the COVID-19 Pandemic at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico, with implementations of artificial intelligence and the S4 concept, is a low-cost robot. Robocov can achieve numerous tasks using the S4 concept that provides flexibility in hardware and software. Thus, Robocov can impact positivity public safety, clinical care, continuity of work, quality of life, laboratory and supply chain automation, and non-hospital care. The mechanical structure and software development allow Robocov to complete support tasks effectively so Robocov can be integrated as a technological tool. 
  • 764
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Demand-Side Resources in Active Distribution Systems
Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies. These have significantly impacted the approach to the planning, design, and operation of active distribution networks or systems. Due to this constant change, the system has become more complex to plan, maintain, and control. In this research, the benefits and challenges of active distribution systems relative to traditional passive and active distribution systems are evaluated and investigated while the management and operational characteristics of demand-side resources in active distribution systems (ADS) are studied. In a typical ADS, there exist several vulnerabilities and threats that eventually pose a challenge in the control and automation of substations. These vulnerabilities and threats are reviewed, and potential mitigation measures are suggested. Also in this research, the communication technologies and their implementation in terms of control and automation capabilities in active distribution networks are also studied. From this research, it is concluded that communication technologies play an integral role in the realization of more active distribution networks and that the Internet of Energy (IoE) is a major player in ADS in the reduction of faults due to human error, fast responses, and improving the stability of power supply. Cyber threats are also and will still be a continuous challenge in smart metering technologies and in substation automation systems (SAS), which will require frequent evaluation and mitigation measures so as not to prevent the power supply system from collapsing.
  • 764
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Measurement Data Manipulation
To keep pace with global energy efficiency trends and, in particular, emission reduction targets in the maritime sector, both onshore and maritime power distribution systems need to be adapted to the relevant new technologies and concepts. As an important link in the distribution chain, medium-voltage switchgear (MV) is expected to be stable and reliable while operating as efficiently as possible. Failures of MV equipment, while rare because the equipment must be safe to handle and use, have far-reaching consequences. The consequences of such failures, whether to the shore or marine power system, present risks to the entire power plant, so an accurate assessment of equipment condition is required to identify potential failures early. The solution is an emerging concept of digital switchgear, where the implementation of sensor technology and communication protocols enables effective condition monitoring, and the creation of a database that, when combined with machine learning algorithms, enables predictive maintenance and/or fault detection.
  • 763
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport Characteristics
The Messaging Queuing and Telemetry Protocol (MQTT) is a subscription and publishing service-based communication with a centralized server. MQTT is used in manufacturing industries due to its open-source moldable nature, petroleum and natural gas, health, weather, home automation, smart farming, smart metering, remote, etc. In this research, a QoS-0 based MQTT is developed in such a manner that the transparent MQTT protocol uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based connectivity with various rules for retransmission of contents if the requests are not entertained for a fixed duration. The research explores ways to improve the overall content delivery probability. The parameters are examined over transparent gateway-based TCP network after developing mathematical model for the proposed retransmission based mutant QoS-0. 
  • 762
  • 30 Dec 2022
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