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Topic Review
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid and inflammatory cell deposits in the inner layer of large- and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries. Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the overall and cardiovascular mortality, and it is a pro-atherogenic factor that induces atherosclerosis development and/or accelerates its progression through a multifactorial process. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a new class of drugs, belonging to the armamentarium to fight type 2 DM, that have shown robust reductions in atherosclerotic events and all-cause mortality in all studies.
  • 448
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts hundreds of millions of people each year and is the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its most frequent form of manifestation. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have already been established as a significant cardiovascular risk factor, but more studies have shown that small, dense LDLs are the ones more frequently associated with a higher overall risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Ever since atherogenic phenotypes were defined for the first time, LDL subfractions have been continuously analyzed in order to identify those with a higher atherogenic profile that could further become not only high-accuracy, effective prognostic biomarkers, but also treatment targets for novel lipid-lowering molecules. 
  • 444
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Natural Polyphenols on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy dietary habits have clearly been shown to contribute to the development of CVDs. Beyond the primary nutrients, a healthy diet is also rich in plant-derived compounds. Natural polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, and red wine, have a clear role in improving cardiovascular health.
  • 444
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Therapies in Current Clinical Practice
Antiplatelet therapy plays a crucial role in a number of cardiovascular disorders.
  • 442
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Collagen Pathways as an HFpEF Therapeutic Strategy
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, and the prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years. This condition poses a burden to the global health care system as the number of patients affected by this condition is constantly increasing due to a rising average lifespan. The absence of validated drugs effective in reducing hospitalization rates and mortality may reflect the impossibility of applying a one size fits all approach as in HFrEF, heading for a personalized approach. Available evidence demonstrated the link between collagen quantity and quality alterations, and cardiac remodeling. In the context of fibrosis, collagen cross-linking is strictly involved, displaying two types of mechanisms: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. In the murine model, enzymatic inhibition of fibrosis-inducing protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling appeared to reduce cardiac fibrosis. On the other hand, in the case of non-enzymatic cross-linking, sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), appeared to counteract the deposition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which in turn contributed to ventricular remodeling.
  • 442
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Four-Dimensional Flow Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
Blood speckle tracking echocardiography (BSTE) is a new, promising 4D flow ultrafast non-focal plane imaging technique. BSTE is highly feasible, fast, and easy for visualization of normal/abnormal flow patterns in healthy children and in those with congenital heart disease (CHD). BSTE allows for visualization and basic 2D measures of normal/abnormal vortices forming the ventricles and in the main vessel. Left ventricular vortex characteristics and aortic flow patterns have been described both in healthy children and in those with CHD.
  • 442
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Sport and Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of hospital admission among all arrhythmias in the general population. Moreover, AF represents the most common arrhythmia in the athletic population as well. The complex but fascinating relationship between sport and atrial fibrillation has not yet been fully clarified. Although the benefits of moderate physical activity in controlling cardiovascular risk factors and in reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation have been widely demonstrated, some concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects of physical activity. Endurance activity in middle-aged men athletes appears to increase the risk of AF. Several different physiopathological mechanisms may explain the increased risk of AF in endurance athletes, including the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, changes in left atrial size and function and presence of atrial fibrosis.
  • 438
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Angiotensin Regulation of Vascular Homeostasis
Extensive research has been conducted to elucidate and substantiate the crucial role of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in the pathogenesis of hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, and renal diseases. Furthermore, the role of oxidative stress in maintaining vascular balance has been well established. It has been observed that many of the cellular effects induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II) are facilitated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.
  • 438
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Phenotypes and Symptoms of HFpEF and Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is emerging as a widespread disease with global socioeconomic impact. Patients with HFpEF show a dramatically increased morbidity and mortality, and, unfortunately, specific treatment options are limited. One such comorbidity is sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which affects up to 58% (or up to 80% in certain cohorts) of HFpEF patients. SDB presents in HFpEF patients either as predominantly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or as predominantly central sleep apnea (CSA).
  • 438
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated.
  • 438
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Indications for Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has proven to be a safe, effective, and less invasive approach to aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis. In patients who underwent prior aortic valve replacement, transcatheter and surgical bioprosthetic valve dysfunction may occur as a result of structural deterioration or nonstructural causes such as prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM) and paravalvular regurgitation. Valve-in-Valve (ViV) TAVR is a procedure that is being increasingly utilized for the replacement of failed transcatheter or surgical bioprosthetic aortic valves. 
  • 438
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Arterial Hypertension
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disorder with contributions from hormones, genetics, and the environment, predominantly affecting young women. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in SLE, and hypertension is more prevalent among SLE patients.
  • 433
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Pharmaceutical Agents in Sodium and Potassium
In heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), four classes of drugs, the so-called fantastic four, also known as β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and the most recent Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporters 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2is).
  • 432
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Arterial Properties
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Vascular aging (VA), which is defined as the progressive deterioration of arterial function and structure over a lifetime, is an independent predictor of both AF development and CV events. A timing identification and treatment of early VA has therefore the potential to reduce the risk of AF incidence and related CV events. 
  • 432
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Cryoablation as First-Line Treatment
Catheter ablation has been shown to be more effective at maintaining sinus rhythm and improving quality of life when compared to antiarrhythmic drugs. Radiofrequency and cryoablation are two effective methods. 
  • 413
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is a key part of treatment for many cancers. Vast advancements in the field of radiation oncology have led to a decrease in malignancy-related mortality, which has uncovered some of the long-term side effects of radiation therapy. Specifically, there has been an increase in research looking into the cardiovascular side effects of chest radiation therapy for cancers of the esophagus, breast, and lung tissue as well as lymphomas.
  • 413
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Predicting the Outcome of Heart Failure against Ischemia
The article titled "Predicting the outcome of heart failure against chronic-ischemic heart disease in elderly population – Machine learning approach based on logistic regression, case to Villa Scassi hospital Genoa, Italy" discusses a study that uses machine learning, specifically logistic regression, to predict the outcomes of heart failure in elderly patients suffering from chronic ischemic heart disease. The research focuses on data collected from Villa Scassi Hospital in Genoa, Italy. The goal of the study is to improve prediction models for patient prognosis, thereby helping healthcare providers make more informed decisions about treatment and management for this vulnerable population. The use of logistic regression in this context aims to provide a reliable tool for assessing patient risk and outcomes, ultimately leading to better-targeted interventions for elderly patients with these heart conditions.
  • 405
  • 13 Feb 2025
Topic Review
Approaches for Atrial Fibrillation Detection
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) is a Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) characterized by the uncoordinated activity of the heart chambers, with the atria exhibiting irregular and high-rate electrical activity. Autoencoders (AEs) can be used as an automatic feature extraction tool, tailoring the resulting features to a specific classification task. By coupling an encoder to a classifier, it is possible to reduce the dimension of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) heartbeat waveforms and classify them. 
  • 403
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Cardio-Oncology
Serum biomarkers represent a reproducible, sensitive, minimally invasive and inexpensive method to explore possible adverse cardiovascular effects of antineoplastic treatments. They are useful tools in risk stratification, the early detection of cardiotoxicity and the follow-up and prognostic assessment of cancer patients.
  • 396
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammation Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases remain a global health challenge, with ischemic heart disease (IHD) being the primary cause of both morbidity and mortality. Despite optimal pharmacological therapy, older patients with IHD exhibit an increased susceptibility to recurrent ischemic events, significantly impacting their prognosis. Inflammation is intricately linked with the aging process and plays a pivotal role in the evolution of atherosclerosis. Emerging anti-inflammatory therapies have shown promise in reducing ischemic events among high-risk populations.
  • 394
  • 17 Jan 2024
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