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Topic Review
Role of the Histaminergic System in Migraines
The histaminergic system may play an important role in migraine pathophysiology, and dietary histamine, similar to other chemical dietary triggers, may play a role in some individuals suffering from migraines.
  • 694
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Multisensory Integration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Multisensory integration refers to sensory inputs from different sensory modalities being processed simultaneously to produce a unitary output. Surrounded by stimuli from multiple modalities, animals utilize multisensory integration to form a coherent and robust representation of the complex environment. Many interesting paradigms of multisensory integration have been characterized in C. elegans, for which input convergence occurs at the sensory neuron or the interneuron level.
  • 694
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
A Personalized Longitudinal Strategy in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) is a rare cerebral cancer, mostly involving young adults with an active life at diagnosis. If left untreated, LGG widely invades the brain and becomes malignant, generating neurological worsening and ultimately death. Early and repeat treatments for this incurable tumor, including maximal connectome-based surgical resection(s) in awake patients, enable postponement of malignant transformation while preserving quality of life owing to constant neural network reconfiguration. Due to considerable interindividual variability in terms of LGG course and consecutive cerebral reorganization, a multistage longitudinal strategy should be tailored accordingly in each patient. It is crucial to predict how the glioma will progress (changes in growth rate and pattern of migration, genetic mutation, etc.) and how the brain will adapt (changes in patterns of spatiotemporal redistribution, possible functional consequences such as epilepsy or cognitive decline, etc.). The goal is to anticipate therapeutic management, remaining one step ahead in order to select the optimal (re-)treatment(s) (some of them possibly kept in reserve), at the appropriate time(s) in the evolution of this chronic disease, before malignization and clinical worsening.
  • 693
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proteomics in the ALS–FTD Spectrum Disorders
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are severely debilitating and progressive neurodegenerative disorders. A distinctive pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS and FTD, is the deposition of aberrant protein inclusions in neuronal cells, which leads to cellular dysfunction and neuronal damage and loss Protein aggregate analysis, the identification of aggregated abnormal protein interactions and of proteins with an anomalous quaternary structure, may help to identify the pathological mechanisms involved in ALS–FTD. Several proteomic-based studies have been carried out on ALS–FTD spectrum disorders to explore the relevance of disease-related proteins and their potential roles in clinical practice. In ALS, aberrant protein folding and the formation of toxic protein aggregates are two crucial biological features. Indeed, the incorrect assembly of the protein in its native form leads to toxic molecules that potentially cause an overload of the degradation machine.
  • 692
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral and Cranial Nerve Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment
Cranial and peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) comprise a heterogeneous group of soft tissue tumors. Most arise from classic peripheral nervous system elements (Schwann cells and perineurial cells), while others involve specialized neuroendocrine cells of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (e.g., cauda equina neuroendocrine tumors, previously known as “CNS paragangliomas”). The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors of 2021 and the 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors include benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannoma, neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma (PN), perineurioma, hybrid nerve sheath tumor (HNST), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), epithelioid MPNST or malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (MMNST), and cauda equine neuroendocrine tumor. All these entities may arise along the craniospinal axis and be encountered either sporadically or as part of neurocutaneous syndromes, including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), schwannoma predisposition syndromes (SPS), and Carney complex.
  • 692
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone.
  • 692
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
miR-124-3p Microglial Exosomes in Traumatic Brain Injury Repair
Microglial exosomes, particularly those carrying miR-124-3p, have emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic interventions in TBI. These exosomes exhibit neuroprotective effects, attenuate neuroinflammation, and promote neuronal repair and plasticity.
  • 692
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Association Between Glycaemic Imbalances with Seizures and Epilepsy
Cerebral excitability and systemic metabolic balance are closely interconnected. Energy supply to neurons depends critically on glucose, whose fluctuations can promote immediate hyperexcitability resulting in acute symptomatic seizures. On the other hand, chronic disorders of sugar metabolism (e.g., diabetes mellitus) are often associated with long-term epilepsy. 
  • 692
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Operational Stress Injury
An operational stress injury (OSI) is a term used most often to describe mental disorders which result from, or are exacerbated by, military or police service. In the Canadian context, this most often refers to active or former members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) or the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The most common diagnoses within this term include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders.
  • 691
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Cerebrovascular Diseases
The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the most comprehensively investigated inflammasomes. An inflammasome is a multiple protein complex, which comprised of sensor proteins such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), an effector protein (i.e., caspase-1 in canonical inflammasome, and caspase-4,5,11 in non-canonical inflammasome), and an adaptor protein (i.e., apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, ASC—containing caspase activation and recruitment domain, CARD). In the presence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk factors such as aging, hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) mediated by vascular deposition of β-amyloid, the common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of CSVD are primarily linked to thrombo-inflammation and arteriolosclerosis of penetrating cerebral micro-vessels (50–400 μm in diameter).
  • 690
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs
Drug-induced movement disorders affect a significant percentage of individuals, and they are commonly overlooked and underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Many comorbidities can affect these individuals, making the diagnosis even more challenging. Several variables, including genetics, environmental factors, and aging, can play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. 
  • 689
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of NMNAT2/SARM1 in Neuropathy Development
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly arises as a side effect of diverse cancer chemotherapy treatments. This condition presents symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and altered sensation in patients, often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Pathologically, CIPN is characterized by an intensive “dying-back” axonopathy, starting at the intra-epidermal sensory innervations and advancing retrogradely. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its underlying mechanisms explains the absence of effective treatments for CIPN. Recent investigations into axon degeneration mechanisms have pinpointed nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 protein (SARM1) as pivotal mediators of injury-induced axonal degeneration. 
  • 689
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Retina
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The family of mAChRs is composed of five subtypes, M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, which have distinct expression patterns and functions. In the eye and its adnexa, mAChRs are widely expressed and exert multiple functions, such as modulation of tear secretion, regulation of pupil size, modulation of intraocular pressure, participation in cell-to-cell signaling and modula-tion of vascular diameter in the retina. Due to this variety of functions, it is reasonable to assume that abnormalities in mAChR signaling may contribute to the development of various ocular diseases. On the other hand, mAChRs may offer an attractive therapeutic target to treat ocular diseases. Thus far, non-subtype-selective mAChR ligands have been used in ophthalmology to treat dry eye disease, myopia and glaucoma. However, these drugs were shown to cause various side-effects. Thus, the use of subtype-selective ligands would be useful to circumvent this problem.
  • 688
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Osteopontin in the Inflammatory Responses of Alzheimer’s Disease
Osteopontin (OPN), an inflammatory cytokine and biomarker of alzheimer’s disease (AD), is implicated in Aβ clearance and toxicity, microglial activation, and inflammation, and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. 
  • 686
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized at its core by inflammation involving the gray and white matter of the CNS in a multifocal pattern. It results in demyelinating lesions, focal areas of inflammation characterized by myelin sheath damage surrounded by leukocyte infiltration (macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes), blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, but also complement and immunoglobulin deposition.
  • 685
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Siponimod
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), and represents one of the main causes of disability in young adults. The Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, siponimod, does not just ameliorate the inflammatory aspect but also the degenerative aspect of secondary progressive MS. 
  • 683
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Injury and Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve axonal injury and associated cellular mechanisms leading to peripheral nerve damage are important topics of research necessary for reducing disability and enhancing quality of life. Model systems that mimic the biological changes that occur during human nerve injury are crucial for the identification of cellular responses, screening of novel therapeutic molecules, and design of neural regeneration strategies. In addition to in vivo and mathematical models, in vitro axonal injury models provide a simple, robust, and reductionist platform to partially understand nerve injury pathogenesis and regeneration. In recent years, there have been several advances related to in vitro techniques that focus on the utilization of custom-fabricated cell culture chambers, microfluidic chamber systems, and injury techniques such as laser ablation and axonal stretching. These developments seem to reflect a gradual and natural progression towards understanding molecular and signaling events at an individual axon and neuronal-soma level. We attempt to categorize and discuss various in vitro models of injury relevant to the peripheral nervous system and highlight their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. Such models will help to recreate the post-injury microenvironment and aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can accelerate nerve repair. 
  • 682
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diet and Mechanisms of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. The most prominent clinical features include visual loss and sensorimotor symptoms and mainly affects those of young age. Some of the factors affecting its pathogenesis are genetic and/or environmental including viruses, smoking, obesity, and nutrition. 
  • 682
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ellagic Acid and Polyphenols of Punica granatum L.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenols, including ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The plant is used in traditional medicine, and its purified components can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and support of host defenses during viral infection and recovery from disease. Pomegranate extracts, ellagitannins and ellagic acid are promising agents to target the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to restrict the host inflammatory response to viral infections, as well as to supplement the depleted host antioxidant levels during the stage of recovery from COVID-19.
  • 682
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. 
  • 682
  • 20 Dec 2023
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