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Topic Review
Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture
The picture shows the water distribution in a gravity based water distribution of a large irrigation scheme fore sugar cane in Ethiopia. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Novel Treatment Approaches to Combat Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is a neglected sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate protozoan responsible for a prevalence of 110.4 million cases and 156.0 million rate of incidence. The last estimative from the World Health Organization (WHO) demonstrated the incidence rate for trichomoniasis across the globe, highlighting the African Region with the highest rates, followed by America, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and last, the European region. Although most cases are asymptomatic, complaints such as pruritus, vaginal discharge, irritation, and odor are still reported. The long-lasting infection of T. vaginalis, which can persist for months to years, may lead to severe complications such as the premature delivery and low weight of newborns, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and a positive association with the onset of cervical and prostate cancer. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
EIF5A in Mitochondrial Function
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that binds ribosomes to facilitate the translation of peptide motifs with consecutive prolines or combinations of prolines with glycine and charged amino acids. It has also been linked to other molecular functions and cellular processes, such as nuclear mRNA export and mRNA decay, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and apoptosis. The growing interest in eIF5A relates to its association with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, viral infection, and diabetes. It has also been proposed as an anti-aging factor: its levels decay in aged cells, whereas increasing levels of active eIF5A result in the rejuvenation of the immune and vascular systems and improved brain cognition. Data have linked the role of eIF5A in some pathologies with its function in maintaining healthy mitochondria. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A is upregulated under respiratory metabolism and its deficiency reduces oxygen consumption, ATP production, and the levels of several mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, as well as altering mitochondria dynamics. However, although all the accumulated data strongly link eIF5A to mitochondrial function, the precise molecular role and mechanisms involved are still unknown. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Use of Propolis in Sustainable Agriculture
Propolis, also known as “bee glue”, is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. For centuries, propolis has been valued for its medicinal properties, primarily in human health applications.  The effectiveness of propolis in controlling common pests and diseases that affect crops, suppressing postharvest illnesses of fruits and vegetables, stimulating plant defenses and increasing stress resistance, is reviewed herein.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Tauopathies
Together with histone variants and modifications, alterations in nucleosome positioning, non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation constitute the epigenetic toolkit. DNA methylation describes the chemical modification of the DNA itself by the addition of methyl groups mostly on cytosines, but also on adenines via DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), with DNMT1 and DNMT3A being the major DNMTs in the CNS. DNA methylation effects, i.a. transcriptional control when occurring at enhancer and promoter sites, alternative promoter choice and alternative splicing. At the level of transcriptional regulation, methylated motifs of transcription factor (TF) binding sites physically impede the binding of methyl-sensitive TFs, leading to transcriptional suppression. Furthermore, the interaction of the methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins (MBDs) with methylated DNA prevents binding of TFs and promotes inactive heterochromatin formation by recruiting other chromatin and nucleosome remodeling factors.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly applied to fish as a means of growth promotion and disease prevention. However, evidence regarding whether LAB colonize the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish remains sparse and controversial.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Herbal Extracts and Fish Gene
Herbal bioactive components can act as immunostimulants and influence several immune-related pathways. An immunostimulant is a component or action that elevates immune responses, especially innate immunity. Herbal bioactive components can have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal functions and increase resistance against infectious microorganisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Artificial and Wild Agarwood
Agarwood is a highly economically important medicinal herb with widespread uses; however, the difference between the biological activities of artificial and wild agarwood is unclear.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Immune Response
Coronaviruses are a large family of well-established pathogens of various hosts, including domestic animals, wildlife, and humans.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Plant Growth-Defense Trade-Offs
In order to survive in a hostile habitat, plants have to manage the available resources to reach a delicate balance between development and defense processes, setting up what plant scientists call a trade-off. Most of these processes are basically responses to stimuli sensed by plant cell receptors and are influenced by the environmental features, which can incredibly modify such responses and even cause changes upon both molecular and phenotypic level. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Liberibacter
Liberibacter is a group of plant pathogenic bacteria, transmitted by insect vectors, psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), and has emerged as one of the most devastating pathogens which have penetrated into many parts of the world over the last 20 years.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing for Insect Pest Stress
Global crop yield and food security are being threatened by phytophagous insects. Innovative methods are required to increase agricultural output while reducing reliance on hazardous synthetic insecticides. Using the revolutionary CRISPR-Cas technology to develop insect-resistant plants appears to be highly efficient at lowering production costs and increasing farm profitability. The genomes of a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster, and major phytophagous insect genera, viz. Spodoptera, Helicoverpa, Nilaparvata, Locusta, Tribolium, Agrotis, etc., were successfully edited by the CRISPR-Cas toolkits. However, this new method can alter an insect’s DNA to either induce a gene drive or overcome an insect’s tolerance to certain insecticides. The rapid progress in the methodologies of CRISPR technology and their diverse applications show a high promise in the development of insect-resistant plant varieties or other strategies for the sustainable management of insect pests to ensure food security.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common disorder characterized by persistent and recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. This is the result of abnormal gastrointestinal function.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary against Host Defense
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a broad host-range fungus that infects an inclusive array of plant species and afflicts significant yield losses globally. S. sclerotiorum possesses an immense arsenal of disease weaponry to subsist and succeed under widespread environmental conditions. The massive pathogenic arsenal of S. sclerotiorum, including oxalic acid (OA), CWDEs, and small secretory proteins (effectors), has long been associated with virulence. A subtle interplay between these virulence factors serves various regulatory functions in host cells, allowing S. sclerotiorum to colonize the host, evade or inhibit the host defense system, and cause disease. Understanding and studying these mechanisms is crucial for detecting pathways of genetic interventions that could result in improved control of this disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cover Crops
A cover crops is defined as a “close-growing crop that provides soil protection, seeding protection, and soil improvement between periods of normal crop production, or between trees in orchards and vines in vineyards”. This definition indicates a number of benefits deriving from the application of soil management models which have, however, found discontinuous application in orchards due to different interpretations of the direct effects on production and fruit quality. Soil management is, in fact, one of the key practices that influences the vegetative and productive activity of an orchard.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Estimation of Winter Wheat Tiller Number
Tiller are an important biological characteristic of wheat. Accurate estimation of tiller number can help monitor wheat growth and is important in forecasting wheat yield. However, because of leaf cover and other factors, it is difficult to estimate tiller number and the accuracy of estimates based on vegetation indices is low. Compared with the traditional linear model, the addition of a gradual change feature greatly improved the accuracy of model predictions of wheat tiller number.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glutamine synthetase (GS) of wheat
Glutamine synthetase isoforms of wheat play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cloning Coconut via Somatic Embryogenesis
Coconut [Cocos nucifera L.] is often called “the tree of life” because of its many uses in the food, beverage, medicinal, and cosmetic industries. Currently, more than 50% of the palms grown throughout the world are senile and need to be replanted immediately to ensure production levels meet the present and increasing demand for coconut products.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Quercetin on Herbivores
Quercetin is one of the most abundant flavonoids in terrestrial plants and pollen. In living plants, quercetin can function as a secondary metabolite to discourage insect herbivory. Literature on insect-quercetin interactions was searched and data synthesized to test the hypothesis that quercetin can become an effective biocide to reduce herbivory. The USDA, National Agricultural Library, DigiTop Navigator platform was used to search the literature for harmful versus nonharmful effects of quercetin on insect behavior, physiology, and life history parameters. Quercetin effects were evaluated on herbivores in five insect orders. Quercetin was significantly more harmful to Hemiptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera but significantly more nonharmful to Coleoptera. Harmful and nonharmful effects to Orthoptera were indistinguishable. Quercetin had significantly more harmful (than nonharmful) effects on herbivores when data from the five insect orders were combined. Quercetin concentration (mg/mL) did not significantly affect these results. This study suggests that quercetin could prevent herbivory but field experiments are necessary to substantiate these results.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
American Black Bear
The American black bear (Ursus americanus) stands as an iconic and widely distributed bear species native to North America. Known for its adaptable nature and diverse habitats, this bear species exhibits a range of coat colors, including black, brown, cinnamon, and even blonde. With a complex social structure and omnivorous diet, the American black bear plays a vital ecological role in the diverse ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Feb 2024
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