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Topic Review
Contextual Information Enhancement Network for Crack Segmentation Methods
Convolutional neural-network-based crack segmentation methods have performed excellently. However, existing crack segmentation methods still suffer from background noise interference, such as dirt patches and pitting, as well as the imprecise segmentation of fine-grained spatial structures. 
  • 767
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Home-Based Devices for Detecting Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by frequent breathing pauses during sleep. The apnea–hypopnea index is a measure used to assess the severity of sleep apnea and the hourly rate of respiratory events. Despite numerous commercial devices available for apnea diagnosis and early detection, accessibility remains challenging for the general population, leading to lengthy wait times in sleep clinics. Consequently, research on monitoring and predicting OSA has surged. 
  • 767
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
ADX (File Format)
CRI ADX is a lossy proprietary audio storage and compression format developed by CRI Middleware specifically for use in video games; it is derived from ADPCM. Its most notable feature is a looping function that has proved useful for background sounds in various games that have adopted the format, including many games for the Sega Dreamcast as well as some PlayStation 2, GameCube and Wii games. One of the first games to use ADX was Burning Rangers, on the Sega Saturn. Notably, the Sonic the Hedgehog series from the Dreamcast generation up to at least Shadow the Hedgehog have used this format for sound and voice recordings. Jet Set Radio Future for original Xbox also used this format. On top of the main ADPCM encoding, the ADX toolkit also includes a sibling format, AHX, which uses a variant of MPEG-2 audio intended specifically for voice recordings and a packaging archive, AFS, for bundling multiple CRI ADX and AHX tracks into a single container file. Version 2 of the format (ADX2) uses the HCA and HCA-MX extension, which are usually bundled into a container file with the extensions ACB and AWB. The AWB extension is not to be confused with the Audio format with the same extension and mostly contains the binary data for the HCA files.
  • 766
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
From Simultaneous Localization and Mapping to Situational Awareness
Situational Awareness (SA) is a fundamental capability of humans that has been deeply studied in various fields, such as psychology, military, aerospace, and education. Nevertheless, it has yet to be considered in robotics, which has focused on single compartmentalized concepts such as sensing, spatial perception, sensor fusion, state estimation, and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM).
  • 766
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Knowledge Graph Entity Alignment
The objective of the entity alignment (EA) task is to identify entities with identical semantics across distinct knowledge graphs (KGs) situated in the real world, which has garnered extensive recognition in both academic and industrial circles.
  • 765
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Skull Stripping Methods
Skull stripping removes non-brain tissues from magnetic resonance (MR) images, but it is hard because of brain variability, noise, artifacts, and pathologies. The existing methods are slower and limited to a single orientation, mostly axial. Researchers' proposed and experimented method uses the modern and robust architecture of deep learning neural networks, viz., Mask–region convolutional neural network (RCNN) to learn, detect, segment, and to apply the mask on brain features and patterns from many thousands of brain MR images.
  • 764
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Detection Leaf Blight Using Guava Leaves Imaging
Fruit is an essential element of human life and a significant gain for the agriculture sector. Guava is a common fruit found in different countries. It is considered the fourth primary fruit in Pakistan. Several bacterial and fungal diseases found in guava fruit decrease production daily. Leaf Blight is a common disease found in guava fruit that affects the growth and production of fruit. Automatic detection of leaf blight disease in guava fruit can help avoid decreases in its production.
  • 763
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Federated Learning and Blockchain Applications in Vehicular Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) revitalizes the world with tremendous capabilities and potential to be utilized in vehicular networks. The Smart Transport Infrastructure (STI) era depends mainly on the IoT. Advanced machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to strengthen the STI smartness further. However, some decisions are very challenging due to the vast number of STI components and big data generated from STIs. Computation cost, communication overheads, and privacy issues are significant concerns for wide-scale ML adoption within STI. These issues can be addressed using Federated Learning (FL) and blockchain. FL can be used to address the issues of privacy preservation and handling big data generated in STI management and control. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can store data while providing trust and integrity assurance. Blockchain can be a solution to data integrity and can add more security to the STI.  While transmitting data, valuable information can be disclosed through the model parameters by reverse engineering. The disclosure of valuable data motivated researchers and developers to adopt known security and privacy defense methods, e.g., functional encryption and differential privacy, to FL.
  • 762
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Rumor Detection in Social Media
The widespread dissemination of rumors (fake information) on online social media has had a detrimental impact on public opinion and the social environment. This necessitates the urgent need for efficient rumor detection methods. 
  • 762
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI can be applied in many different areas, such as econometrics, biometry, e-commerce, and the automotive industry. AI has found its way into healthcare as well, helping doctors make better decisions, localizing tumors in magnetic resonance images, reading and analyzing reports written by radiologists and pathologists, and much more. However, AI has one big risk: it can be perceived as a “black box”, limiting trust in its reliability, which is a very big issue in an area in which a decision can mean life or death. As a result, the term Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has been gaining momentum. XAI tries to ensure that AI algorithms (and the resulting decisions) can be understood by humans.
  • 761
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Text Generation Models and Imbalanced Sentiment Analysis
The significance of sentiment analysis has extended across a wide range of fields, finding extensive use in various applications. As digital communication continues to expand, the ability of sentiment analysis to interpret complex human emotions and opinions becomes increasingly important, proving invaluable in fields ranging from social sciences to customer service and beyond. In this era of increasing digitization, leveraging the power of data through sentiment analysis offers unique insights, making significant contributions to sectors such as those previously summarized in various studies, namely, healthcare, social policy, e-commerce, and digital humanities.
  • 761
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
HVS and Contrast Sensitivity to Assess Image Quality
The human visual system (HVS) has many characteristics, such as the dual-pathway feature, in which visual information is transmitted through the ventral pathway and dorsal pathway in the visual cortex. The contrast sensitivity characteristic of the HVS reflects the different sensitivity of the human eye to different spatial frequencies. This characteristic is similar to the widely used spatial attention mechanism and image saliency.
  • 759
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
UAV-Based Computer Vision for Tree Inventory
Accurate and efficient orchard tree inventories are essential for acquiring up-to-date information, which is necessary for effective treatments and crop insurance purposes. Surveying orchard trees, including tasks such as counting, locating, and assessing health status, plays a vital role in predicting production volumes and facilitating orchard management.
  • 759
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicles and Distributed Resources on Logistic Systems
The autonomous vehicle (AV) is one of the emerging technologies of the new age that has the potential to restructure transportation infrastructure. AVs are able to sense their surroundings and move around with control and self-sufficiency. AVs can contribute towards reducing traffic congestion on the roads, improving the quality of life, and achieving the highest levels of traffic safety. Thus, this type of vehicle can be integrated into the logistics industry. Due to the presence of several AVs, selecting a standard and efficient AV for logistics planning is a great challenge. The selection of an AV depends on many conflicting and essential criteria. 
  • 759
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal Sentiment Analysis in Realistic Environments
In the real world, multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) enables the capture and analysis of sentiments by fusing multimodal information, thereby enhancing the understanding of real-world environments. The key challenges lie in handling the noise in the acquired data and achieving effective multimodal fusion. When processing the noise in data, existing methods utilize the combination of multimodal features to mitigate errors in sentiment word recognition caused by the performance limitations of automatic speech recognition (ASR) models.
  • 759
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Modern Greek on Social Web
Mining social web text has been at the heart of the Natural Language Processing and Data Mining research community in the last 15 years. Though most of the reported work is on widely spoken languages, such as English, the significance of approaches that deal with less commonly spoken languages, such as Greek, is evident for reasons of preserving and documenting minority languages, cultural and ethnic diversity, and identifying intercultural similarities and differences. 
  • 758
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning-Based Approaches to IoT Localization
The widespread use of the Internet and the exponential growth in small hardware diversity enable the development of Internet of things (IoT)-based localization systems. Because of their high prediction accuracy, machine learning methods are being used to solve localization problems.
  • 755
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Intelligent Deep Learning in IoT Smart Home Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of sensors, machines, objects, or other computing devices over the internet to communicate with the least human interference. Specific types of sensors are involved in obtaining information from physical entities, and after analysis, it is stored in local storage, which is then sent to cloud storage, where appropriate action is taken according to the information.
  • 753
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
LiDAR Point Clouds Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving
Although semantic segmentation of 2D images is crucial to attaining scene understanding, there are still some limitations to visual sensors, such as the inefficiency of acquiring information under insufficient light, lack of depth information and limited field of view. In contrast, LiDAR can obtain accurate depth information with higher density and wider viewing field regardless of lighting conditions, which makes it a more reliable source of information for environmental perception.
  • 753
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Conversational Chatbots
A conversational chatbot or dialogue system is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the Internet. These chatbots can be integrated into messaging apps, mobile apps, or websites, and are designed to engage in natural language conversations with users.
  • 752
  • 03 Mar 2023
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