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Topic Review
Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi
Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere and surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including the human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic fungal diseases and fungal infections. Worldwide fungal disease incidence is increasing, with new emerging fungal diseases appearing yearly. Reasons for this increase are the expansion of life expectancy, the number of immunocompromised patients (immunosuppressive treatments for transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases), the number of uncontrolled underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus), and the misusage of medication (e.g., corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics). 
  • 852
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Microbiome Data and Food Efficacy Assessment
Efficacy evaluation through a disease model using the gut microbiome of well-controlled obese rats using a risk prediction model based on clinical microbiome data for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer is a useful food efficacy evaluation tool.
  • 848
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Activities of AgNPs
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used in numerous consumer products, including textiles, cosmetics, and health care items. 
  • 847
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Feature of Senile Osteoporosis
Senile osteoporosis is defined as an age-related bone metabolic disorder, which is characterized by bone loss and decreased bone fragility. Gut microbiota (GM) could regulate the bone metabolic process and be closely related to senile osteoporosis. Several genus-level GM were found to increase in osteoporotic animals and patients. However, to reveal the pathogenic bacteria in senile osteoporosis, further studies are still needed to investigate the complete characteristics of bacteria species. GM are defined as the collection of commensal bacteria living in the digestive tract, which regulates host metabolism and performs various functions. GM of humans consist of over 1000 distinct bacterial species, about two-thirds of which are unique to each individual. GM have an impact on many chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cardiovascular disease. As a member of the chronic disease category, osteoporosis is also associated with GM.
  • 841
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gut-Antimicrobial Peptides
Due to huge diversity and dynamic competition, the human gut microbiome produces a diverse array of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in human health. The gut microbiome has an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by the AMPs and by interacting with other human organs via established connections such as the gut–lung, and gut–brain axis. Additionally, gut AMPs play a synergistic role with other gut microbiota and antimicrobials to maintain gut homeostasis by fighting against multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) bacteria. 
  • 840
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Host Cell Antimicrobial Responses against Helicobacter pylori Infection
The colonization of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in human gastric mucosa is highly associated with the occurrence of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Antibiotics, including amoxicillin, clarithromycin, furazolidone, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline, are commonly used and considered the major treatment regimens for H. pylori eradication. Evidence has pointed out that a small portion of H. pylori can invade and replicate in the intracellular compartments of different cell types, causing persistent infection by evading host immune defense and antibiotics. Under this circumstance, host cells have developed numerous antimicrobial responses to fight against invading H. pylori, e.g., induction of antimicrobial peptides, activation of cellular autophagy pathway, and increased oxidative stress.
  • 839
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stewart's Wilt
Stewart's wilt is a serious bacterial disease of corn caused by the bacterium Pantoea stewartii. This bacterium affects plants, particularly types of maize such as sweet, flint, dent, flower, and popcorn. The disease is also known as bacterial wilt or bacterial leaf blight and has shown to be quite problematic in sweet corn. The disease is endemic in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley regions and in the southern portion of the Corn Belt.
  • 838
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MSI Ionization Techniques to Investigate Plant–Microbe Interactions
Plant–microbe interactions are of rising interest in plant sustainability, biomass production, plant biology, and systems biology. These interactions have been a challenge to detect until recent advancements in mass spectrometry imaging. Plants and microbes interact in four main regions within the plant, the rhizosphere, endosphere, phyllosphere, and spermosphere.
  • 838
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Functional Roles of the Lepidopteran Gut Microbiota
Lepidopteran insects are one of the most widespread and speciose lineages on Earth, with many common pests and beneficial insect species. The evolutionary success of their diversification depends on the essential functions of gut microorganisms. 
  • 836
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Interactions of Toxic Cyanobacteria with Other Aquatic Microbes
Water resources are critically important, but also pose risks of exposure to toxic and pathogenic microbes. Toxic cyanobacteria have been linked to the death and disease of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife in freshwater systems worldwide. Management approaches successful at reducing cyanobacterial abundance and toxin production have tended to be short-term solutions applied on small scales (e.g., algaecide application) or solutions that entail difficult multifaceted investments (e.g., modification of landscape and land use to reduce nutrient inputs). 
  • 834
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
John Snow's Epidemiological Principles on Modern Agricultural Microbiology
This article explores the enduring impact of John Snow's epidemiological principles on modern agricultural microbiology, particularly in the application of beneficial microorganisms for crop health. It discusses how Snow's data-driven approach to identifying cholera outbreaks parallels the methods used in agricultural disease management. The use of microbial solutions offers sustainable alternatives to traditional agrochemicals, promoting soil health and enhancing crop resilience.
  • 834
  • 18 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Colistin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is commonly caused by the mutations in the chromosomal gene mgrB. MgrB spans the inner membrane and negatively regulates PhoP phosphorylation, which is essential for bacterial outer membrane lipid biosynthesis.
  • 832
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Scaling of Vascular Structures
Vasculature interacts with variety of cell types in vivo and hence it can function as relevant component with various co-cultures. We have previously developed in vitro angiogenesis model. At the end point the cultures contain continuous vascular network spreading evenly across the well. In vitro vascular structures formed from human adipose stromal cell (hASC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture were now scaled for various well plate formats. These included 48, 96 and 384. The vascular structures have been optimized and characterized previously on 48 well format. After scaling it was utilized for culturing cancer cell line cells and primary cancer cells from patients. They were also utilized to estimate the angiogenic induction potential of the primary patient derived cancer cells. This scaling of the vascular structures allows better utilization of the in vitro vasculature. Now it can be utilized in high throughput applications. The applications of these in vitro vascular structures can include cancer research, cell biology, drug development and screening, and for personalized medicine.
  • 829
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Moonlighting in Rickettsiales
Rickettsiales comprise a diverse and expanding list of vector-borne obligate intra-cellular Gram-negative bacteria that include many animal and human pathogens as well as non-pathogens. Members of Rickettsiales are characterized by small genomes, with sizes ranging between 0.8 and 2.5 Mbp, and the number of hypothetical proteins varying from 88 to 536.
  • 829
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lactobacillus Genus Complex
Microorganisms belonging to the Lactobacillus genus complex (LGC) are naturally associated or deliberately added to fermented food products and are widely used as probiotic food supplements. Moreover, these bacteria normally colonize the mouth, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and female genitourinary tract of humans. They exert multiple beneficial effects and are regarded as safe microorganisms. However, infections caused by lactobacilli, mainly endocarditis, bacteremia, and pleuropneumonia, occasionally occur. 
  • 829
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Gut–Brain Axis within the Human Body
The human gut microbiota (GM) is a complex microbial ecosystem that colonises the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is comprised of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The GM has a symbiotic relationship with its host that is fundamental for body homeostasis. The GM is not limited to the scope of the GIT, but there are bidirectional interactions between the GM and other organs, highlighting the concept of the “gut–organ axis”. Any deviation from the normal composition of the GM, termed ”microbial dysbiosis”, is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Only a few studies have demonstrated a relationship between GM modifications and disease phenotypes, and it is still unknown whether an altered GM contributes to a disease or simply reflects its status. Restoration of the GM with probiotics and prebiotics has been postulated, but evidence for the effects of prebiotics is limited. Prebiotics are substrates that are “selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit”.
  • 828
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gut Dysbiosis during COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an influenza-like disease that chiefly infects the lungs through respiratory transmission. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a transmembrane protein in its outer portion, targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the binding receptor for the cell entry. As ACE2 is highly expressed in the gut and pulmonary tissues, SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently result in gastrointestinal inflammation, with presentations ordinarily ranging from intestinal cramps to complications with intestinal perforations. However, the evidence detailing successful therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients is currently limited. A significant change in fecal microbiomes, namely dysbiosis, was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and the depletion of beneficial commensals and their crucial association to COVID-19 severity has been evidenced. Oral probiotics had been evidenced to improve gut health in achieving homeostasis by exhibiting their antiviral effects via the gut–lung axis.
  • 827
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ocular and Oral Microbiome
The immune-privileged healthy eye has a small unique population of microbiota. Typically, ocular microflorae are commensals of low diversity that colonize the external and internal sites of the eye, without instigating any disorders. Any alteration in the symbiotic relationship culminates in the perturbation of ocular homeostasis and shifts the equilibrium toward local or systemic inflammation and, in turn, impaired visual function. A compositional variation in the ocular microbiota is associated with surface disorders such as keratitis, blepharitis, and conjunctivitis, however, studies now implicate non-ocular microbial dysbiosis in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), uveitis, and diabetic retinopathy. A methodical understanding of the mechanisms of invasion and host-microbial interaction is of paramount importance for preventative and therapeutic interventions for vision-threatening conditions.
  • 824
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cytotoxins
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most virulent opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in humans. It causes many acute and chronic infections with morbidity and mortality rates as high as 40%. P. aeruginosa owes its pathogenic versatility to a large arsenal of cell-associated and secreted virulence factors which enable this pathogen to colonize various niches within hosts and protect it from host innate immune defenses. Induction of cytotoxicity in target host cells is a major virulence strategy for P. aeruginosa during the course of infection. P. aeruginosa has invested heavily in this strategy, as manifested by a plethora of cytotoxins that can induce various forms of cell death in target host cells.
  • 824
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts in Drinking Wine
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts can also contribute to the sensory characteristics of wines. For example, some non-Saccharomyces yeasts can produce volatile compounds that contribute to fruity, floral or spicy aromas in wine. Others can produce enzymes that release aroma precursors, which can lead to the development of complex and desirable aromas during aging. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts can also contribute to the mouthfeel of wine by producing polysaccharides and glycerol, which can increase the viscosity and perceived body of the wine. In addition to wine production, non-Saccharomyces yeasts are used in the production of other fermented foods and beverages, such as beer, cider, mead, and kefir. In beer production, non-Saccharomyces yeasts can contribute to the flavor, aroma, and mouthfeel of the final product.
  • 824
  • 15 May 2023
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