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Topic Review
Probabilistic Time Geographic Modeling
The possibility of moving objects accessing different types of points of interest (POI) at specific time is not always the same, so quantitative time geography research needs to consider the actual POI semantic information, including POI attributes and time information.
  • 930
  • 21 Aug 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A General Description of Karst Types
This study includes a general description of the Earth’s karst types based on literary data and field observations. An improved classification of karst types distinguishes the main group, group, and subgroup; and, a division of karst types involves a main karst type, karst type, subtype, variety, and non-individual karst type. The relation between karst type and karst area is described. The role of various characteristics of karsts in the development of primary, secondary, and tertiary karst types is analyzed. Their structure is studied, which includes a geomorphic agent, process, feature, feature assemblage, karst system and the characteristics of the bearing karst area. Dominant, tributary, and accessory features are distinguished. The conditions of the stability and the development of types are studied, transformation ways are classified, and the effect of climate on types is described.
  • 926
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Landscape Value Perception in Rural Development
Rural Spaces are becoming increasingly multifunctional, which requires a spatial approach that combines the natural features of the landscape with the socio-economic and cultural factors that drive its change. The understanding and evaluation of local landscapes by local populations should be considered an important benchmark for the management and conservation of these landscapes.
  • 911
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Westerlies and Asian Monsoons in Middle of China
The westerly circulation and the monsoon circulation are the two major atmospheric circulation systems affecting the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH), which have significant impacts on climate and environmental changes in the middle latitudes. However, until now, people’s understanding of the long-term paleoenvironmental changes in the westerly- and monsoon-controlled areas in China’s middle latitudes is not uniform, and the phase relationship between the two at different time scales is also controversial, especially the exception to the “dry gets drier, wet gets wetter” paradigm in global warming between the two. 
  • 874
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Geoheritage and Geoconservation
In geoheritage and geodiversity management, geoconservation is a term that encompasses a series of actions dedicated to conservation, research on and the protection of geoheritage, and the enhancement as well as dissemination of knowledge in this area. Geoconservation is a kind of container, with several compartments dedicated to different aspects that identify geoheritage and geodiversity, including scientific, technical, administrative, didactical, and political aspects.
  • 842
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Climate and Surfing
Surfing is one of the most popular activities in coastal tourism resorts. However, the sport depends strongly on the met-ocean weather conditions, particularly on the surface wind-generated waves that reach the coast.
  • 832
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Methods Suitable for Wide-Area Rainfall Rate Measurement
Many design principles for rain gauges that have the capacity to record rainfall intensity have been proposed or developed. For catchment-based studies, data distributed spatially is needed, particularly for localised convective storms. One approach to gathering such data are to install multiple gauges; however, it is also possible to adopt measurement methods that have the capability of recording area-wide intensity data.
  • 800
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Visualization of Cultural Heritage Objects
Cultural heritage includes everything we have inherited from previous generations. It is a valuable asset that links the past to the present. For many countries, it is both part of the national identity and an important economic engine. However, cultural heritage is constantly threatened by natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the documentation of cultural heritage is very important. Registering all elements of cultural heritage has many advantages when it comes to understanding its intrinsic value, assessing its significance, and preserving and managing it.
  • 776
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neighborhood Services and Property Values in Urban Area
Neighborhood services, property attributes, and their associated amenities have positive impacts on land and property values. This impact is estimated by the hedonic pricing model, which is considered an effective method used in previous studies for such evaluations.
  • 717
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sediment and Particulate 137Cs Budget Studies
This basin is one of the most radioactively contaminated and studied in Central Russia. Over the past three decades, under the conditions of the decreasing snowmelt runoff in the spring and reduced share of cultivated land over the post-Soviet period, the intensity of the 137Cs transfer has decreased. The 137Cs deposit losses associated with erosion activities do not exceed a few percent. 
  • 710
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Application of Mobile Operators’ Data in Modern Geographical Research
Mobile operators’ data are one type of Big Data. These are any data about events related to the use of a mobile phone. These data include subscriber identifiers and associated time and location attributes. Big Data in general usually includes datasets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time. Big Data can be described by the following key characteristics: volume, variety, velocity, veracity, value, variability etc. Mobile operators’ data are supplied by the Mobile Network Operators. The main distinguishing features of the operator are, firstly, the possession of a state license to use the radio frequency spectrum, and, secondly, the possession or control over the elements of the network infrastructure necessary to provide services to subscribers in the authorized radio frequency spectrum. The smallest structural territorial element for cellular communication systems is a cell; its dimensions can be different (250 by 250 m, 500 by 500 m, etc.).
  • 706
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability in Agriculture
Agricultural sustainability refers to the practice of farming that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves managing farms in economically viable, environmentally sound, and socially responsible ways. The concept is built on three main pillars: ecological health, economic profitability, and social equity. 
  • 696
  • 24 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Satisfaction with Sustainable Tourism, Vojvodina Province
The goal of researching the development of sustainable tourism in protected areas, which are trying to be tourist destinations, is to gain ecological, socio-cultural, and economic benefits for residents, visitors, and stakeholders. This means that residents, visitors, managers, and state services should be directly involved in the planning and implementation as important bearers of tourism development planning.
  • 659
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Massetognathus
Massetognathus (/ˌmæsɪˈtɒɡnəθəs/ MASS-ə-TOG-nə-thəss; Greek for "chewing muscle jaw") is an extinct genus of plant-eating traversodontid cynodonts. They lived during the Triassic Period about 235 million years ago, and are known from the Chañares Formation in Argentina and the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil.
  • 650
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Landscape Evolution in Glacier Valleys of Glaciokarsts
On mountain glaciokarsts, climate and vegetation show zonality. With altitude increase, the quantity of precipitation increases (the proportion of snow increases) and temperature decreases.
  • 620
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
UAVs for Coastal Zone Monitoring in Island Territories
Island territories and their coastal regions are subject to a wide variety of stresses, both natural and anthropogenic. With increasing pressures on these vulnerable environments, the need to improve our knowledge of these ecosystems increases as well. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have shown their worth as a tool for data acquisition in coastal zones.
  • 606
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Data Structures for 2D Representation of Terrain Models
This entry gives an overview of the main data structures and approaches used for a two-dimensional representation of the terrain surface using a digital elevation model (DEM). A DEM represents the elevation of the earth surface from a set of points. It is used for terrain analysis, visualisation and interpretation. DEMs are most commonly defined as a grid where an elevation is assigned to each grid cell. Due to its simplicity, the square grid structure is the most common DEM structure. However, it is less adaptive and shows limitations for more complex processing and reasoning. Hence, the triangulated irregular network is a more adaptive structure and explicitly stores the relationships between the points. Other topological structures (contour graphs, contour trees) have been developed to study terrain morphology. Topological relationships are captured in another structure, the surface network (SN), composed of critical points (peaks, pits, saddles) and critical lines (thalweg, ridge lines). The SN can be computed using either a TIN or a grid. The Morse Theory provides a mathematical approach to studying the topology of surfaces, which is applied to the SN. It has been used for terrain simplification, multi-resolution modelling, terrain segmentation and landform identification. The extended surface network (ESN) extends the classical SN by integrating both the surface and the drainage networks. The ESN can itself be extended for the cognitive representation of the terrain based on saliences (typical points, lines and regions) and skeleton lines (linking critical points), while capturing the context of the appearance of landforms using topo-contexts.
  • 393
  • 18 Jul 2025
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