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Topic Review
Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells which is rising in incidence in the developed world. Plasma cells are mature antibody-producing B cells which reside in the bone marrow and are essential for maintaining humoral immunity. Multiple myeloma is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells resulting in the production of monoclonal antibody and end-organ damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of neoplasia, representing a terrible burden on patients’ life and clinical management. Although it seldom metastasizes, and most cases can be effectively treated with surgical intervention, once metastatic, cSCC displays considerable aggressiveness leading to the death of affected individuals. No consensus has been reached as to which features better characterize the aggressive behavior of cSCC, an achievement hindered by the high mutational burden caused by chronic ultraviolet light exposure. Even though some subtypes have been recognized as high risk variants, depending on certain tumor features, cSCC that are normally thought of as low risk could pose increased danger to the patients. In light of this, specific genetic and epigenetic markers for cutaneous SCC, which could serve as reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for novel treatment development, are currently searched for. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Natural Products and Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Though several natural products have been reported regarding their efficacies against cervical cancer, there has been no review article that categorized them according to their anti-cancer mechanisms. In this study, anti-cancerous natural products against cervical cancer were collected using Pubmed (including Medline) and google scholar, published within three years. Their mechanisms were categorized as induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, reduction of resistance, and regulation of miRNAs. A total of 64 natural products suppressed cervical cancer. Among them, Penicillium sclerotiorum extracts from Cassia fistula L., ethanol extracts from Bauhinia variegate candida, thymoquinone obtained from Nigella sativa, lipid-soluble extracts of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott., and 1′S-1′-acetoxychavicol extracted from Alpinia conchigera have been shown to have multi-effects against cervical cancer. In conclusion, natural products could be attractive candidates for novel anti-cancer drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Organ-Preserving Radiation Therapy in Gastric Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Gastric marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) of the stomach is a rare cancer type, often primarily treated with oral proton pump inhibitors, especially in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-positive cases. However, the prevalence of Hp-unrelated gastric MZL has increased over the last two decades and 70-80% of Hp-negative gastric MZL are antibiotic-unresponsive. Radiation treatment can provide excellent local control in localized antibiotic-refractory gastric MZL.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Peptide-Based Vaccines for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the main type of cancer in women and the second most frequent cancer worldwide. The conventional treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy. This immunotherapy is based on administering monoclonal therapeutic antibodies (passive) or vaccines (active) with therapeutic purposes. Tumor antigens are classified as tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSA). New TAAs were proposed for the formulation of peptide-based vaccines, including MUC-1 (mucin-1), FRα (folate receptor alpha), members of the MAGE A family (melanoma-associated antigen), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor).
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment for ovarian cancer, and although the majority of patients initially have a platinum-sensitive disease, through multiple recurrences, they will acquire resistance. Platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis and few treatment options with limited efficacy. Resistance to platinum compounds is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms pertaining not only to the tumoral cell but also to the tumoral microenvironment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
This work shows a global vision of the situation, placing the reader in a concise and orderly manner in perspective of the current state of treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. The most frequent location is the choroid, representing 80% of the total, followed by the ciliary body, 12%, and the iris, 8%. The incidence of UM ranges from 5.3 to 10.9 cases per million inhabitants per year. Risk factors for developing UM include fair skin, congenital ocular melanocytosis, melanocytoma, and BAP1-tumor predisposition syndrome.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ubiquilin Networking in Cancers
Ubiquilins or UBQLNs, members of the ubiquitin-like and ubiquitin-associated domain (UBL-UBA) protein family, serve as adaptors to coordinate the degradation of specific substrates via both proteasome and autophagy pathways. The UBQLN substrates reveal great diversity and impact a wide range of cellular functions. For decades, researchers have been attempting to uncover a puzzle and understand the role of UBQLNs in human cancers, particularly in the modulation of oncogene’s stability and nucleotide excision repair.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Oral cancer is a malignant condition on the lips or in the oral cavity including the tongue, gingiva, mouth floor, parotid, salivary glands, and throat. More than 90% of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a modern diagnostic tool with great potential to provide rapid, objective and accurate early diagnosis of oral cancer, as well as accurate OSCC grading for better cancer management. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pineal Gland Tumors
Pineal gland neoplasms are tumors with different and variable morphological, histological, and radiological characteristics and, consequently different diagnosis and management. Pineal tumors, are divided into germ cell tumors, pineal parenchymal tumors and tumors that derive from adjacent structures.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma
The inflammatory process plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer (CRC). Intestinal cytokine networks are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and inflammation but also impact carcinogenesis at all stages of the disease. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ethical Models Applicable to Cancer Care during Pregnancy
A holistic view should be taken towards patient’s treatment, care and counselling in order to provide patient-centric, ethically and legally informed care for pregnant cancer patients. It is essential to consider individual circumstances of each pregnant cancer patient where each patient is seen as a person embedded in the realities of their lives and the changes that a cancer diagnosis brings to themselves and their pregnancy care.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Airway Microbiota for Lung Cancer
Recent research on cancer-associated microbial communities has elucidated the interplay between bacteria, immune cells, and tumor cells; the bacterial pathways involved in the induction of carcinogenesis; and their clinical significance. Although accumulating evidence shows that a dysbiotic condition is associated with lung carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Microorganisms possibly trigger tumor initiation and progression, presumably via the production of bacterial toxins and other pro-inflammatory factors. The purpose of this review is to discuss the basic role of the airway microbiome in carcinogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms, with the aim of developing anticancer strategies involving the airway microbiota. In addition, the mechanisms via which the microbiome acts as a modulator of immunotherapies in lung cancer are summarized.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Apigenin Increases SHIP-1 Expression
The bioflavonoid apigenin (API) is used to reduce inflammation in different PC models. Wild type mice harboring heterotopic or orthotopic PC were treated with API, which induced SHIP-1 expression, reduced inflammatory tumor-derived factors (TDF), increased the proportion of tumoricidal macrophages and enhanced anti-tumor immune responses, resulting in a reduction in tumor burden compared to vehicle-treated PC mice. In contrast, SHIP-1-deficient mice exhibited an increased tumor burden and displayed augmented proportions of pro-tumor macrophages. These results provide further support for the importance of SHIP-1 expression in promoting pro-tumor macrophage development in the pancreatic TME. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus
Oncolytic viruses represent interesting anti-cancer agents with high tumor selectivity and immune stimulatory potential. The anti-neoplastic activities of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) include (i) the endocytic targeting of the GTPase Rac1 in Ras-transformed human tumorigenic cells; (ii) the switch from cellular protein to viral protein synthesis and the induction of autophagy mediated by viral nucleoprotein NP; (iii) the virus replication mediated by viral RNA polymerase (large protein (L), associated with phosphoprotein (P)); (iv) the facilitation of NDV spread in tumors via the membrane budding of the virus progeny with the help of matrix protein (M) and fusion protein (F); and (v) the oncolysis via apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, or ferroptosis associated with immunogenic cell death. A special property of this oncolytic virus consists of its potential for breaking therapy resistance in human cancer cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Design Strategy for Breast Cancer Vaccine
Breast cancer has been recorded as the type of cancer that causes the highest mortality in women due to its high incidence. Given the devastating implications of the disease and the growing number of cases, many scientists and research organizations have dedicated their efforts to the fight against breast cancer. Vaccines are an upcoming medical intervention for breast cancer. By targeting the tumor antigen, cancer vaccines can be designed to train the immune system to recognize tumor cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Selected Rare B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
The updated 4th edition WHO classification of lymphoid malignancies and certain lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), released in 2016, contains pivotal new terminology and information that is important for both radiologists and oncologists to understand. In spite of these updates, some LPDs included within this update have been rarely discussed in radiology literature. Many of these disorders have distinct clinical and imaging features, overlapping with more common disorders. The purpose of this entry is provide an overview for radiologists regarding certain rare LPDs.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CD3-Bispecific Antibody Therapy
CD3-bispecific antibody therapy is a form of immunotherapy that enables soldier cells of the immune system to recognize and kill tumor cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Oncofertility in Patients with Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy occurring in young women.  Improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients is of utmost importance in terms of increasing survival rates. Modern medicine has therefore prioritized better quality of life for patients, even after the disease, through a better management of the potential long-term side effects induced by anticancer treatments. Fertility preservation and family planning are therefore crucial issues to be addressed in all cancer patients of reproductive age. Along those lines, a new branch of medicine with distinct multidisciplinary characteristics has developed over the years: oncofertility.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
B-Cell Receptor Signaling Regulation and Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas
The proliferation and survival signals emanating from the B-cell receptor (BCR) constitute a crucial aspect of mature lymphocyte’s life. Dysregulated BCR signaling is considered a potent contributor to tumor survival in different subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs). The emergence of BCR-associated kinases as rational therapeutic targets has led to the development and approval of several small molecule inhibitors targeting either Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), or phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), offering alternative treatment options to standard chemoimmunotherapy, and making some of these drugs valuable assets in the anti-lymphoma armamentarium. Despite their initial effectiveness, these precision medicine strategies are limited by primary resistance in aggressive B-cell lymphoma such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), especially in the case of first generation BTK inhibitors. In these patients, BCR-targeting drugs often fail to produce durable responses, and nearly all cases eventually progress with a dismal outcome, due to secondary resistance. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Mar 2022
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