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Topic Review
Nucleosome-Omics
Nucleosome-Omics is one of the subdisciplines of Omics, which studies nucleosome-level phenomenon on chromatin and genome 3D landscape, including the interaction and combination among histones, trancriptional factors and DNA, by combining nucleosome resolution omics technologies with high-throughput sequencing techniques.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Interleukin (IL)-6
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a signaling molecule involved in inflammatory processes, initiating fever and mediating the acute phase response. It is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted by a range of cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells and several tumor cells. It is also released by cells in the brain, such as neurons, microglia and astrocytes.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Histone Demethylase JMJD2D
Histone demethylase JMJD2D is a multifunctional epigenetic factor coordinating androgen receptor activation, DNA damage repair, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and inflammation modulation. JMJD2D is also a well-established epigenetic facilitator in the progression of multiple malignant tumors, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular cancer (HCC).
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intertumoural and Intratumoural Heterogeneity in Melanoma
Tumour heterogeneity is a phenomenon where the cancer cells evolve diversely over the course of the disease. As a result of the evolution, the cancer cells can be found to be genetically, epigenetically and/or phenotypically different in order to survive in the human body. The tumour microenvironment also plays a crucial role during the evolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Polyphenol-Based Dietary Supplements
Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cytochrome P450 1B1 in Ocular Iron Homeostasis Regulation
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 belongs to the superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. Unlike other CYP enzymes, which are highly expressed in the liver, CYP1B1 is predominantly found in extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain, and ocular tissues including retina and trabecular meshwork. CYP1B1 metabolizes exogenous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CYP1B1 also metabolizes endogenous bioactive compounds including estradiol and arachidonic acid. These metabolites impact various cellular and physiological processes during development and pathological processes.
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  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Bone Repair
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has 37 amino acids. Initially, CGRP had vasodilatory and nociceptive effects. As research progressed, evidence revealed that the peripheral nervous system is closely associated with bone metabolism, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling. Thus, CGRP is the bridge between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle system. CGRP can promote osteogenesis, inhibit bone resorption, promote vascular growth, and regulate the immune microenvironment. The G protein-coupled pathway is vital for its effects, while MAPK, Hippo, NF-κB, and other pathways have signal crosstalk, affecting cell proliferation and differentiation. 
  • 1.0K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs’ survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
FAAH inhibitor URB597
Since the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main catabolic enzyme of anandamide (AEA), may provide beneficial effects in mice model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology, we aimed at determining whether the FAAH inhibitor URB597 might target microglia polarization and alter the cytoskeleton reorganization induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The morphological evaluation showed that Aβ treatment increased the surface area of BV-2 cells, which acquired a flat and polygonal morphology. URB597 treatment partially rescued the control phenotype of BV-2 cells when co-incubated with Aβ. Moreover, URB597 reduced both the increase of Rho protein activation in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells and the Aβ-induced migration of BV-2 cells, while an increase of Cdc42 protein activation was observed in all samples. URB597 also increased the number of BV-2 cells involved in phagocytosis. URB597 treatment induced the polarization of microglial cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with the parallel increase of Arg-1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data suggest that FAAH inhibition promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, regulates phagocytosis and cell migration processes, thus driving microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNA-Assisted Hormone Cell Signaling
 miRNAs role in hormone signaling pathways in CRC drug resistance and their potential as future targets for overcoming resistance to treatment. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
GSK3
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase. It was initially identified as a regulator (inhibitor) of glycogen synthesis. It has since been recognized as a multifunctional kinase with a variety of roles both in invertebrates and in vertebrate cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Potential Role of Methylglyoxal in Ageing
Advances in molecular biology technology have piqued tremendous interest in glycometabolism and bioenergetics in homeostasis and neural development linked to ageing and age-related diseases. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a by-product of glycolysis, and it can covalently modify proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to cell growth inhibition and, eventually, cell death. MGO can alter intracellular calcium homeostasis, which is a major cell-permeant precursor to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As side-products or signalling molecules, MGO is involved in several pathologies, including ageing.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Role of ABC Transporters
ABC transporters are a large family of membrane proteins that transport chemically diverse substrates through the lipid bilayer of cell plasma membranes while accompanied by ATP hydrolysis [47,48]. Currently, 49 different genes encoding ABC transporters are known in humans, which, based on the structural features, are divided into seven subfamilies, designated ABCA–ABCG .
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy
Autophagy is a main catabolic mechanism of the cell and refers to an evolutionary process by which cellular components and damaged organelles are degraded or recycled through lysosomal activity. Autophagy contributes to preserve cellular homeostasis and provides the cells the ability to adapt to stressful conditions and prevent cellular damage and cell death.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TRPV4 Ion Channel
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel (TRPV4) belongs to the mammalian TRP superfamily of cation channels. TRPV4 is ubiquitously expressed, activated by a disparate array of stimuli, interacts with a multitude of proteins, and is modulated by a range of post-translational modifications, the majority of which we are only just beginning to understand. Not surprisingly, a great number of physiological roles have emerged for TRPV4, as have various disease states that are attributable to the absence, or abnormal functioning, of this ion channel. This review will highlight structural features of TRPV4, endogenous and exogenous activators of the channel, and discuss the reported roles of TRPV4 in health and disease.
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  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) in Cancer
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed in enhancer regions. They play an important role in transcriptional regulation, mainly during cellular differentiation. eRNAs are tightly tissue- and cell-type specific and are induced by specific stimuli, activating promoters of target genes in turn. eRNAs usually have a very short half-life but in some cases, once activated, they can be stably expressed and acquire additional functions. Due to their critical role, eRNAs are often dysregulated in cancer and growing number of interactions with chromatin modifiers, transcription factors, and splicing machinery have been described.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Mesenchymal stem cells have generated a great deal of interest due to their potential use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Examples illustrating their therapeutic value across various in vivo models are demonstrated in the literature. However, some clinical trials have not proved their therapeutic efficacy, showing that translation into clinical practice is considerably more difficult and discrepancies in clinical protocols can be a source of failure. Among the critical factors which play an important role in MSCs’ therapeutic efficiency are the method of preservation of the stem cell viability and various characteristics during their storage and transportation from the GMP production facility to the patient’s bedside. The cell storage medium should be considered a key factor stabilizing the environment and greatly influencing cell viability and potency and therefore the effectiveness of advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) based on MSCs.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
B Cells in Neuroinflammation
In recent years, the role of B cells in neurological disorders has substantially expanded our perspectives on mechanisms of neuroinflammation. The success of B cell-depleting therapies in patients with CNS diseases such as neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis has highlighted the importance of neuroimmune crosstalk in inflammatory processes. While B cells are essential for the adaptive immune system and antibody production, they are also major contributors of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in a number of inflammatory diseases. B cells can contribute to neurological diseases through peripheral immune mechanisms, including production of cytokines and antibodies, or through CNS mechanisms following compartmentalization. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant pro- or anti-inflammatory B cell populations contribute to neurological processes, including glial activation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ER Lipid Raft-Associated Protein
ER lipid raft-associated protein 1 (ERLIN1) and 2 (ERLIN2) are 40 kDa transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the family of prohibitins, containing a PHB domain. They are generally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where ERLIN1 forms a heteroligomeric complex with its closely related ERLIN2. Well-defined functions of ERLINS are promotion of ER-associated protein degradation, mediation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors, processing and regulation of lipid metabolism.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2021
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