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Topic Review
The MAL Protein
The MAL gene encodes a 17-kDa protein containing four putative transmembrane segments whose expression is restricted to human T cells, polarized epithelial cells and myelin-forming cells. It organizes condensed membranes to make them functional in specialized pathways of membrane trafficking and cell signaling.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
GSK3
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase. It was initially identified as a regulator (inhibitor) of glycogen synthesis. It has since been recognized as a multifunctional kinase with a variety of roles both in invertebrates and in vertebrate cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nucleosome-Omics
Nucleosome-Omics is one of the subdisciplines of Omics, which studies nucleosome-level phenomenon on chromatin and genome 3D landscape, including the interaction and combination among histones, trancriptional factors and DNA, by combining nucleosome resolution omics technologies with high-throughput sequencing techniques.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Chromosome Territories in Hematological Cancers
Chromosomes are organized in distinct nuclear areas designated as chromosome territories (CT). The structural formation of CT is a consequence of chromatin packaging and organization that ultimately affects cell function. Chromosome positioning can identify structural signatures of genomic organization, especially for diseases where changes in gene expression contribute to a given phenotype.  The term “chromosome territories” was first coined by Theodor Boveri (1909) in the 20th century. However, the idea of a territorial-like organization of chromosomes during interphase appeared as early as 1885, described by Carl Rabl, based on his experiments of cell division using Salamandra maculata. Rabl observed a polarized nuclear position of chromosomes at the beginning and at the end of mitosis, suggesting a preserved chromosome position during cell cycle phases.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy. One of the significant obstacles in treating most MM patients is drug resistance, especially for individuals who have experienced relapses or developed resistance to such cutting-edge treatments. One of the critical processes in developing drug resistance in MM is autophagic activity, an intracellular self-digestive process. In multiple myeloma, it has been shown that High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-dependent autophagy can contribute to drug resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Protein Rbm24
Rbm24 (RNA-binding motif protein 24) is an evolutionarily conserved RBP that contains a single RNA recognition motif (RRM) at its N-terminal region [13–15]. It exhibits strongly restricted tissue-specific expression patterns during vertebrate development [16], and emerges as an important regulator of cellular differentiation and a potential factor implicated in human disease. Rbm24 gene exhibits strongly conserved expression in the somites, heart, lens and otic vesicle of all vertebrate embryos. It is involved in different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability and polyadenylation. Knockout of this gene in mice and zebrafish causes severe developmental defects, such as heart malformations, cataract formation and hearing deficits.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stress Granules Dynamics during Acute Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Following an ischemic insult, cells undergo endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which increases the ER’s protein-folding and degradative capacities and blocks the global synthesis of proteins by phosphorylating the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2α). Phosphorylation of eIF2α is directly related to the dynamics of stress granules (SGs), which are membraneless organelles composed of RNA-binding proteins and mRNA. SGs play a critical role in mRNA metabolism and translational control. Other translation factors are also linked to cellular pathways, including SG dynamics following a stroke. Because the formation of SGs is closely connected to mRNA translation, it is interesting to explore the relationship between SG dynamics and cellular outcome in cases of ischemic damage.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AHNAK2
AHNAK2 is a relatively newly discovered protein. It can interact with many other proteins. This protein is increased in cells of variety of different cancers. AHNAK2 may play a vital role in cancer formation. AHNAK2 may have a role in early detection of cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Intertumoural and Intratumoural Heterogeneity in Melanoma
Tumour heterogeneity is a phenomenon where the cancer cells evolve diversely over the course of the disease. As a result of the evolution, the cancer cells can be found to be genetically, epigenetically and/or phenotypically different in order to survive in the human body. The tumour microenvironment also plays a crucial role during the evolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
ZBP1-Mediated Necroptosis
Cell death is a fundamental pathophysiological process in human disease. The discovery of necroptosis, a form of regulated necrosis that is induced by the activation of death receptors and formation of necrosome, represents a major breakthrough in the field of cell death in the past decade. Z-DNA-binding protein (ZBP1) is an interferon (IFN)-inducing protein, initially reported as a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor, which induces an innate inflammatory response. ZBP1 was identified as an important sensor of necroptosis during virus infection. It connects viral nucleic acid and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) via two domains and induces the formation of a necrosome. 
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Plasmodium falciparum Development from Gametocyte to Oocyst
Malaria elimination never succeed without the implementation of transmission-blocking strategies. The transmission of Plasmodium spp. parasites from the human host to the mosquito vector depends on circulating gametocytes in the peripheral blood of the vertebrate host. Once ingested by the mosquito during blood meals, these sexual forms undergo a series of radical morphological and metabolic changes to survive and progress from the gut to the salivary glands, where they will be waiting to be injected into the vertebrate host. The design of effective transmission-blocking strategies requires a thorough understanding of all the mechanisms that drive the development of gametocytes, gametes, sexual reproduction, and subsequent differentiation within the mosquito. The drastic changes in Plasmodium falciparum shape and function throughout its life cycle rely on the tight regulation of stage-specific gene expression.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in Breast Cancer
The death rate from breast cancer (BC) has dropped due to early detection and sophisticated therapeutic options, yet drug resistance and relapse remain barriers to effective, systematic treatment. Multiple mechanisms underlying miRNAs appear crucial in practically every aspect of cancer progression, including carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance, as evidenced by the elucidation of drug resistance. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lymphocytes in Brief
Lymphocytes are a vital class of white blood cells that serve as the backbone of the immune system. These small yet powerful cells play a pivotal role in defending the body against infections, viruses, and other foreign invaders. Lymphocytes come in two main types: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells), each with distinct functions. B cells are the architects of humoral immunity, producing antibodies that can recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. They originate in the bone marrow and mature there, eventually differentiating into plasma cells that churn out antibodies. T cells, on the other hand, are central to cell-mediated immunity, a critical defense mechanism against intracellular threats like viruses. They mature in the thymus gland and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells, each with specialized roles. Lymphocytes undergo complex developmental processes, ensuring they can identify invaders while avoiding attacks on the body's own cells. Their functions span innate and adaptive immunity, making them essential for maintaining health and responding to diseases. From protecting against infections to enabling vaccination and driving cutting-edge cancer treatments, lymphocytes are indispensable to our well-being, and ongoing research promises to unlock even more of their potential.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CAR T-Cells
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells are T lymphocytes that have been specifically engineered to target malignant cells. CARs are synthetic molecules designed to activate T cells in response to a specific antigen, mimicking T cell activation through the T cell receptor (TCR) and associated costimulatory molecules.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR Screen
Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen provides a robust and unbiased means for interrogating such genes, and a series of landmark reports since its introduction in 2014 have demonstrated that the technology yields high-quality functional hits. This technology, in combination with other orthogonal methods for studying protein function on a systems scale, can provide valuable functional insights that would take years to establish using conventional methods.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Inflammatory Diseases
Inflammation is the defense mechanism of the immune system against harmful stimuli such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, radiation etc. and characterized by tissue redness, swelling, heat generation, pain, and loss of tissue functions. Inflammation is essential in the recruitment of immune cells at the site of infection, which not only aids in the elimination of the cause, but also initiates the healing process. However, prolonged inflammation often brings about several chronic inflammatory disorders, hence, a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is essential in order to eliminate the cause while producing least damage to the host. Growing body of evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a major role in cell-cell communication via the transfer of bioactive molecules in the form of proteins, lipids, DNA, RNAs, miRNAs etc. between the cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neural Circuitry Plasticity in SDH during Pain Pathogenesis
Pathological pain emerges from nociceptive system dysfunction, resulting in heightened pain circuit activity. Various forms of circuitry plasticity, such as central sensitization, synaptic plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, and excitation/inhibition balance, contribute to the malfunction of neural circuits during pain pathogenesis. A new form of plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), named neural circuit polarization (NCP), was discovered in pain models induced by HIV-1 gp120 and chronic morphine administration. NCP manifests as an increase in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in excitatory neurons and a decrease in EPSCs in inhibitory neurons, presumably facilitating hyperactivation of pain circuits. The expression of NCP is associated with astrogliosis. Ablation of reactive astrocytes or suppression of astrogliosis blocks NCP and, concomitantly, the development of gp120- or morphine-induced pain.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microglial Endocannabinoid Signalling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Chronic inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recently identified as a major contributor to disease pathogenesis. Once activated, microglial cells, which are brain-resident immune cells, exert several key actions, including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and the release of pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators, which could have opposite effects on brain homeostasis, depending on the stage of disease and the particular phenotype of microglial cells. The endocannabinoids (eCBs) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids increasingly recognized for their essential roles in regulating microglial activity both under normal and AD-driven pathological conditions. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. However, the therapeutic efficiency of current therapies for ALD is limited, and there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD at present. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for ALD treatment and have been tested in several clinical trials. MSC-released factors have captured attention, as they have the same therapeutic function as MSCs. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
FAAH inhibitor URB597
Since the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main catabolic enzyme of anandamide (AEA), may provide beneficial effects in mice model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology, we aimed at determining whether the FAAH inhibitor URB597 might target microglia polarization and alter the cytoskeleton reorganization induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The morphological evaluation showed that Aβ treatment increased the surface area of BV-2 cells, which acquired a flat and polygonal morphology. URB597 treatment partially rescued the control phenotype of BV-2 cells when co-incubated with Aβ. Moreover, URB597 reduced both the increase of Rho protein activation in Aβ-treated BV-2 cells and the Aβ-induced migration of BV-2 cells, while an increase of Cdc42 protein activation was observed in all samples. URB597 also increased the number of BV-2 cells involved in phagocytosis. URB597 treatment induced the polarization of microglial cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated by the decreased expression of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with the parallel increase of Arg-1 and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data suggest that FAAH inhibition promotes cytoskeleton reorganization, regulates phagocytosis and cell migration processes, thus driving microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Aug 2021
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