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Topic Review
Role of p300 and Tumours
p300 acts as a transcription coactivator and an acetyltransferase that plays an important role in tumourigenesis and progression. In previous studies, it has been confirmed that p300 is an important regulator in regulating the evolution of malignant tumours and it also has extensive functions. From the perspective of non-posttranslational modification, it has been proven that p300 can participate in regulating many pathophysiological processes, such as activating oncogene transcription, promoting tumour cell growth, inducing apoptosis, regulating immune function and affecting embryo development. p300 has been found to act as an acetyltransferase that catalyses a variety of protein modification types, such as acetylation, propanylation, butyylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyration, and lactylation. Under the catalysis of this acetyltransferase, it plays its crucial tumourigenic driving role in many malignant tumours. Therefore, the function of p300 acetyltransferase has gradually become a research hotspot. From a posttranslational modification perspective, p300 is involved in the activation of multiple transcription factors and additional processes that promote malignant biological behaviours, such as tumour cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as tumour cell apoptosis, drug resistance, and metabolism.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
High-resolution melt method
HRM (High-resolution melt) analysis is a powerful molecular biology detection method used for the identification of genetic mutations, DNA methylation analysis or species identification. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Engineering Plastic Eating Enzymes Using Structural Biology
Plastics are polymers composed of repeating units of small organic molecules with the majority manufactured from non-renewable fossil fuels. The potential interactions between the enzymes and plastic substrates have also been identified and this knowledge leveraged to engineer improved variants of cutinases with enhanced plastic degradation capabilities.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cathepsin Proteases and Bcl-2 Proteins
Taken with the growing importance of cathepsin-mediated substrate proteolysis in tumor biology and progression, the focus and emphasis placed on therapeutic design and development is coming into fruition. Underpinning this approach is the invariable progression from the direction of fully characterizing cathepsin protease members and their substrate targets, towards targeting such an interaction with tangible therapeutics. The two groups of such substrates that have gained much attention over the years are the pro- and anti- apoptotic protein intermediates from the extrinsic and intrinsic signaling arms of the apoptosis pathway.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Methods to Eliminate Viruses from Lily
Lilies are important crops that are commonly used as cut flowers (Lilium spp.) and edible bulb crops (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). However, virus infections can significantly impact the quantity and quality of lily production. Various methods have been developed to eliminate viruses in lilies, including in vitro culture and virus detection techniques. Meristem culture is the most effective method, which can be combined with other techniques such as thermotherapy and chemotherapy. Nonetheless, virus elimination is affected by several factors, including cultivar, explants used, virus type, and duration of treatments. Efficient diagnostic methods, such as serological and molecular techniques, have been developed to detect viral infections in lilies, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR).
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Bioactivities and Chemical Analysis of Ailanthus altissima(Mill.) Swingle
Many species of the so-called exotic plants coexist with native species in a balanced way, but others thrive very quickly and escape human control, becoming harmful—these are called invasive alien species. In addition to overcoming geographic barriers, these species can defeat biotic and abiotic barriers, maintaining stable populations. Ailanthus altissima is no exception; it is disseminated worldwide and is considered high risk due to its easy propagation and resistance to external environmental factors. Currently, it has no particular use other than ornamental, even though it is used to treat epilepsy, diarrhea, asthma, ophthalmic diseases, and seborrhoea in Chinese medicine. Considering its rich composition in alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, and flavonoids, doubtlessly, its use in medicine or other fields can be maximised.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Condensate formation by a group of metabolic enzymes in the cell is an efficient way of regulating cell metabolism through the formation of “membrane-less organelles.” Because of the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for investigating protein localization, various enzymes were found to form condensates or filaments in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian cells, and in other organisms, thereby regulating cell metabolism in the certain status of the cells. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Anthocyanins on Neurological Disorders
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoids that give plants and fruits their vibrant colors. They are known for their potent antioxidant properties and have been linked to various health benefits. Due to their ability to modulate mechanisms implicated in the onset of neurological diseases, anthocyanins hold significant potential for treating such conditions.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin and Plant Cadmium Tolerance
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most injurious heavy metals, affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, and it is since known to act as a multifunctional molecule to alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses, especially Cd stress. Endogenously triggered or exogenously applied melatonin re-establishes the redox homeostasis by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system. It can also affect the Cd transportation and sequestration by regulating the transcripts of genes related to the major metal transport system, as well as the increase in glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
EBV-Associated Diseases
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Wound Healing and Infection Control
Wound healing has been intensely studied in order to develop an "ideal" technique that achieves expeditious recovery and reduces scarring to the minimum, thus ensuring function preservation. The classic approach to wound management is represented by topical treatments, such as antibacterial or colloidal agents, in order to prevent infection and promote a proper wound-healing process. Nanotechnology studies submicroscopic particles (maximum diameter of 100 nm), as well as correlated phenomena. Metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver, gold, zinc) are increasingly being used in dermatology, due to their beneficial effect on accelerating wound healing, as well as treating and preventing bacterial infections. Other benefits include: ease of use, less frequent dressing changes and a constantly moist wound environment. This entry highlights recent findings regarding nanoparticle application in wound management.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Signaling in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men worldwide. Despite progresses in early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, prognosis for patients with advanced PCa remains poor. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel strategies to prevent, diagnose and effectively treat PCa patients in clinic. Noteworthily, a unique feature of healthy prostate is its highest level of zinc content among all soft tissues in the human body, which dramatically decreases during prostate tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss clinical applications of zinc-containing compounds and proteins involved in PCa signaling pathways. Based on currently available studies, we conclude that zinc can serve as a biomarker in PCa diagnosis and therapies.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MRNA Export in Cancer
Export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a key regulatory step in the expression of proteins. mRNAs are transported through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in association with key co-factors.  Export of selected subsets of mRNAs permits targeted elevation of specific protein expression. Indeed, there are different export pathways depending on the mRNA underpinning this selectivity.  Export of mRNAs can respond to a variety of cellular stimuli making it a dynamic means to respond to extracellular stimuli. mRNA export can be dysregulated in, and contribute to, human diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. This entry focuses on its role in cancer.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
ROR and Melatonin Nuclear Receptor
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)  is implicated in modulating a variety of physiological processes, including cerebellar development, lymphoid tissue development, retinal development, bone formation, lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, oxidative stress, and inflammation suppression. Furthermore, ROR is also a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases, tumours, obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an evolutionary molecule found in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. It regulates multiple functions that have developed along the evolutionary timescale. In humans, melatonin is pleiotropic [5]. Melatonin modulates sleep-wake rhythms, reproduction, and bone metabolism; it also affects the immune, neurological, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and endocrine systems. Moreover, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-infective, and anti-tumour properties while also being a potential therapeutic agent for obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.  A debate is ongoing on whether ROR is a nuclear receptor of melatonin. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Non-Amyloidbeta-Tau Biomarkers
Core biomarkers amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. Along with these core biomarkers, non-Amyloidbeta-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers (Neurodegeneration-related biomarkers, biomarkers for neuroinflammation and phagocytosis of an innate immune system, lipid metabolism biomarkers) could serve as advanced reporters for early diagnosing AD, predicting AD progression, and monitoring the treatment response.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
AT1R Antagonists
Hypertension is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. However, even if one does not exhibit symptoms, long-term high blood pressure is the major risk factor for numerous pathologies, such as stroke or heart failure. Angiotensin II (AII) receptor blockers are a class of molecules that act in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) through binding to the AT1 receptor (Angiotensin II receptor type 1, AT1R) and preventing its activity. AT1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is responsible for AII pathophysiological actions.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles
OMVs are rounded nanostructures released during their growth by Gram-negative bacteria. Biologically active toxins and virulence factors are often entrapped within these vesicles that behave as molecular carriers. Recently, OMVs have been reported to contain DNA molecules, but little is known about the vesicle packaging, release, and transfer mechanisms.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Histone Post-Translational Modifications
The emergence of a nucleosome-based chromatin structure accompanied the evolutionary transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In this scenario, histones became the heart of the complex and precisely timed coordination between chromatin architecture and functions during adaptive responses to environmental influence by means of epigenetic mechanisms. Notably, such an epigenetic machinery involves an overwhelming number of post-translational modifications at multiple residues of core and linker histones. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Acridine-Based Antimalarials
Malaria is among the deadliest infectious diseases in the world caused by Plasmodium parasites.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are conserved cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that track the intracellular milieu for the existence of infection, disease-causing microbes, as well as metabolic distresses. The NLRP3 inflammasome agglomerates are consequent to sensing a wide spectrum of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Certain members of the NLR family have been documented to lump into multimolecular conglomerates called inflammasomes, which are inherently linked to stimulation of the cysteine protease caspase-1.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
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