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Topic Review
Phosphodiesterases in Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension
Here, we review the role of phosphodiesterases in regulation of portal pressure in healthy liver and in liver cirrhosis and we present data, that inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) might be a promising novel therapeutic approach in cirrhotic portal hypertension.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Biology of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells have claimed to be one of the most important group of cells for the development of several common cancers as they dictate features, such as resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, metastasis, and secondary tumor formation. Therapies which could target these cells may develop into an effective strategy for tumor eradication and a hope for patients for whom this disease remains uncurable.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Proanthocyanidins
PAs’ function as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory drugs, signal pathway regulators remain critical in many diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Role of Marine Macroalgae in Cosmeceuticals
The cosmetic industry uses the term ‘cosmeceutical’ to refer to a cosmetic formula that has drug-like applicative advantages. Many marine algae are rich in biologically active components that have been reported to exhibit strong benefits to the skin, mainly for photoprotection, skin whitening, moisturization, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, antioxidants, and antimicrobial uses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SnRK2 in Plants
Reversible phosphorylation is a major mechanism for regulating protein function and controls a wide range of cellular functions including responses to external stimuli. The plant-specific SNF1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) function as central regulators of plant growth and development, as well as tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MSC-EVs against Renal Injury
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory and regenerative effects in many organs, including the kidney. Emerging evidence has shown that the trophic effects from MSCs are mainly mediated by the paracrine mechanism rather than the direct differentiation of MSCs into injured tissues. These secretomes from MSCs include cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. Many research studies have revealed that secretomes from MSCs have potential to ameliorate renal injury in renal disease models, including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease through a variety of mechanisms. These trophic mechanisms include immunomodulatory and regenerative effects. In addition, accumulating evidence has uncovered the specific factors and therapeutic mechanisms in MSC-derived EVs. We summarize the  immunomodulatory and regenerative effects of EVs from MSCs.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Structure of the MRN Complex
The MRE11, RAD50, and NBN genes encode for the nuclear MRN protein complex, which senses the DNA double strand breaks and initiates the DNA repair. The MRN complex also participates in the activation of ATM kinase, which coordinates DNA repair with the p53-dependent cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Carriers of homozygous germline pathogenic variants in the MRN complex genes or compound heterozygotes develop phenotypically distinct rare autosomal recessive syndromes characterized by chromosomal instability and neurological symptoms. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Homing CAR-T Cells
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is based on patient blood-derived T cells and natural killer cells, which are engineered in vitro to recognize a target antigen in cancer cells. Most CAR-T recognize target antigens through immunoglobulin antigen-binding regions.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Toll-Like receptors in glomeluronephritis
TLR receptors are a classic example of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Signals received by these receptors by recruiting specific molecules lead to activation of the transcription factors NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and IRF (interferon regulatory factor) and affect various elements of the host’s innate immune response . TLR mechanisms are based on the ability to recognize twofold signals. The first one is based on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), while the second reads molecules related to damage to the body’s own cells (DAMPs; danger-associated molecular patterns). One of the major challenges faced by modern nephrology is the identification of biomarkers associated with histopathological patterns or defined pathogenic mechanisms that may assist in the non-invasive diagnosis of kidney disease, particularly glomerulopathy. The identification of such molecules may allow prognostic subgroups to be established based on the type of disease, thereby predicting response to treatment or disease relapse. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, such as membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA (immunoglobulin A) nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, along with the progressive development and standardization of plasma and urine proteomics techniques, have facilitated the identification of an increasing number of molecules that may be useful for these purposes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Lonomia obliqua Envenoming
The hemorrhagic syndrome is one of the most serious complications in patients who have  been in contact with the Lonomia caterpillar bristles. Although 26 species of the genus Lonomia (Saturniidae family) are distributed in the American continent, the most studied species are L. obliqua and L. achelous caterpillars; both are capable of inducing hemorrhagic effects in humans. Envenoming by L. obliqua caterpillars was considered a public health problem in southern Brazil. The hemostatic disturbances observed in the envenoming by L. obliqua caterpillars, result in a consumption coagulopathy, resembling a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and secondary fibrinolysis, which can lead to the hemorrhagic syndrome. The main complication of L. obliqua envenomation is acute renal failure, which can occur in up to 12% of the cases, being frequent in patients over 45 years old and in those with heavy bleeding. Besides that, some deaths related to hemorrhage and renal failure have been reported. However, the early diagnosis and proper treatment with  antilonomic serum (ALS), produced by the Butantan Institute (SP/Brazil), within 12 h of contact can prevent severe coagulopathy and hemorrhage events. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Small Molecule Deubiquitinase Enzymes Inhibitors
Ubiquitination is reversed by the activity of deubiquitinase enzymes (DUBs). About 100 human DUBs are known, and they are divided into seven major families: the cysteine proteases of the USP (ubiquitin-specific proteases), UCH (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases), OTU (ovarian tumor), MJD (Machado-Joseph domain-containing proteases), MINDY (motif interacting with the Ub-containing novel DUB family), and ZUFSP (zinc finger with the UFM1-specific peptidase domain protein) families and the Zn-dependent metalloproteases of the JAMM (JAB1/MPN/MOV34 domain-associated) family. DUBs play a role in seemingly every biological process and are central to many human pathologies, thus rendering them very desirable and challenging therapeutic targets. Despite significant drug discovery efforts, only approximately 15 chemical probe-quality small molecule inhibitors have been reported, hitting just 6 of about 100 known DUBs.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health problem responsible for 10% of all cancer incidences and 9.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The number of new cases increases per annum, whereas the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are widely applied in oncology practice. Their therapeutic success is little, and therefore, the search for novel technologies is ongoing. Many efforts have focused recently on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Nanoparticles are among them. They are unique with their properties on a nanoscale and hold the potential to exploit intrinsic metabolic differences between cancer and healthy cells. This feature allows them to induce high levels of toxicity in cancer cells with little damage to the surrounding healthy tissues.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Ring-Opening of Cyclodextrins
The chemical synthesis of linear high DP oligomaltoses (OMs) is much more efficient by the opening of cyclodextrins (CDs). The α, β, and γ-CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of 6, 7, or 8 glucose units respectively linked by a α-1,4 glycosidic bond. They are industrially prepared using CD glucanotransferase on starch.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Differentiation of Genes Encoding Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
The heritability of the tendency to obesity is estimated to vary widely (from 5% to 90%), depending on the research method and the hypotheses being tested. Genetic components may play an important role, both in regulating metabolism and influencing behavioral aspects-in the presence of certain critical genetic variants, the dysregulation of energy metabolism can undoubtedly lead to an increased risk of obesity. Genes code for protein products that are directly involved in the processes of digestion, assimilation, and physiological utilization of nutrients supplied to the body. There are also genes whose products are important factors that influence the activation and regulation of various metabolic pathways and also determine the maintenance of the balance of metabolic changes and the shift of this balance in a specific direction. Finally, there are the genes that code for factors that influence human behavior, eating habits, dietary preferences and so on. Systemic regulation of metabolism takes place in human cells at many levels. At the deepest molecular level, metabolic flexibility depends on the configuration of many different metabolic pathways regulated by key transcription factors, many of which interact closely with each other. From this point of view, transcription factors are considered very important elements of metabolic regulatory networks. In this group, genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are among the best studied. PPARs provide balance in nutrient and energy metabolism and maintain metabolic flexibility important for lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, and other important metabolic networks. Differentiation of PPAR genes may affect the efficacy of reduction diets and post-exercise weight loss.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
LGR4
Leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is a receptor that belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that can be activated by R-spondins (RSPOs), Norrin, circLGR4, and the ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL) ligands to regulate signaling pathways in normal and pathological processes.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are conserved cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that track the intracellular milieu for the existence of infection, disease-causing microbes, as well as metabolic distresses. The NLRP3 inflammasome agglomerates are consequent to sensing a wide spectrum of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Certain members of the NLR family have been documented to lump into multimolecular conglomerates called inflammasomes, which are inherently linked to stimulation of the cysteine protease caspase-1.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Leukaemic Stem Cells
Hematopoietic stem cells ‘choose’ a cell lineage from all options to develop towards a mature blood cell type and they are a mixture of cells with different lineage signatures. However, hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny retain enough versatility to ‘step sideways’ into a different pathway. Most, if not all cancers, arise from tissue-specific stem cells that have accumulated oncogenic insults to their genome and epigenome. We believe that the first oncogenic insult to a normal hematopoietic stem cell restricts the resulting leukaemia stem cell and its progeny to a single pathway. We hypothesized this from studies of transgenic mice in which we restricted oncogene expression to hematopoietic stem cells, via the Sca-1 promotor, and this led to lineage-restricted leukaemias.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MERTK and AXL in NSCLC
MERTK and AXL are members of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are abnormally expressed in 69% and 93% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), respectively. Expression of MERTK and/or AXL provides a survival advantage for NSCLC cells and correlates with lymph node metastasis, drug resistance, and disease progression in patients with NSCLC. The TAM receptors on host tumor infiltrating cells also play important roles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, MERTK and AXL are attractive biologic targets for NSCLC treatment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
EBV-Associated Diseases
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Brain Health
In the present review a novel role of vitamin D has been described during aging condition, focusing on vitamin D mechanism in brain and how it can help slow down diseases related to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. In particular vitamin D metabolism and the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in brain was underlained. Despite the important role of vitamin D in this context, we discussed the potential effects of curcumin on the health of the central nervous system. Finally we focused on possible treatments triggered by vitamin D and curcumin, especially in neuroprotection and maintaining brain health.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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