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Topic Review
Optimization Approaches for Microgrid Energy Management
The microgrids (MG) is a single controllable local power network with distributed energy sources (solar Photovoltaics (PV), wind energy, diesel generator, fuel cell, wave energy, etc.), ESS, controllable distributed loads (households, commercial, industrial, etc.), and advanced energy management systems (EMSs). It can be operated alone or in connection with the utility grid. 
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Biofertilizers in Rhizosphere Management
The world’s human population continues to increase, posing a significant challenge in ensuring food security as soil nutrients and fertility decrease with time. Thus, there is a need to increase agricultural productivity to meet the growing population's food demands. A high level of chemical fertilizers to increase food production is damaging ecological balance and human health. It is becoming too expensive for many farmers to afford. The exploitation of beneficial soil microorganisms as a substitute for chemical fertilizers in food production is one potential solution to this conundrum. Microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, have demonstrated their ability to formulate biofertilizers in the agricultural sector, providing plants with nutrients required to enhance their growth, increase yield, manage abiotic and biotic stress, and prevent phytopathogens attack. Beneficial soil microbes have been reported to produce some volatile organic compounds beneficial to plants. The amendment of these microbes with locally available organic materials and nanoparticles is currently used to formulate biofertilizers to increase plant productivity.
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
A Product/Service System
Product/service system (PSS) is widely considered as a promising design object with the potential to enhance environmental sustainability of industrial solutions. The state of the art of PSS design research includes several prescriptive PSS design support tools, methods and procedures. This body of literature has been extensively reviewed in the past. However, there is a lack of consolidation of the available prescriptive knowledge in a condensed and practically useful format that can be used by practitioners to guide their conceptual PSS design activities and by researchers to build their work on. Thus, to address this gap in our knowledge, we use an intra-disciplinary literature analysis and meta-synthesis approach to consolidate the extant prescriptive PSS design knowledge in the form of a schema for conceptual PSS design.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Exercise with Green Tea Consumption Improve Sports Performance
Regular exercise is fundamental for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Public Order Act 1986
The Public Order Act 1986 (c 64) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It creates a number of public order offences. They replace similar common law offences and parts of the Public Order Act 1936. It implements recommendations of the Law Commission.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Grasshopper (Rocket)
Grasshopper and the Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicles (F9R Dev) were experimental flight test reusable rockets that performed vertical takeoffs and landings. The project was privately funded by SpaceX, with no funds provided by any government until later on. Two prototypes were built, and both were launched from the ground. Grasshopper was announced in 2011 and began low-altitude, low-velocity hover/landing testing in 2012. The initial Grasshopper test vehicle was 106 ft (32 m) tall and made eight successful test flights in 2012 and 2013 before being retired. A second Grasshopper-class prototype was the larger and more capable Falcon 9 Reusable Development Vehicle (F9R Dev, also known as F9R Dev1) based on the Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle. It was tested at higher altitudes and was capable of much higher velocity but was never tested at high velocity. The F9R Dev1 vehicle was built in 2013–2014 and made its first low-altitude flight test on 17 April 2014; it was lost during a three-engine test at the McGregor test site on 22 August 2014, which ended the low-velocity test program. Further expansion of the flight test envelope for the reusable rocket was moved to descending Falcon 9 boosters that had been used on orbital flight trajectories on commercial orbital flights of the Falcon 9. The Grasshopper and F9R Dev tests were fundamental to the development of the reusable Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, which require vertical landings of the near-empty Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy first-stage booster tanks and engine assemblies. The Grasshopper and the F9R Dev tests led into a series of high-altitude, high-speed controlled-descent tests of post-mission (spent) Falcon 9 booster stages that accompanied the commercial Falcon 9 missions since September 2013. The latter eventually resulted in the first successful booster landing on 21 December 2015.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Houdini
Houdini is a 3D animation software application developed by Toronto-based SideFX, who adapted it from the PRISMS suite of procedural generation software tools. The procedural tools are used to produce different effects such as complex reflections, animations and particles system. Some of its procedural features have been in existence since 1987. Houdini is most commonly used for the creation of visual effects in film and television. It is used by major VFX companies such as Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, DreamWorks Animation, Double Negative, ILM, MPC, Framestore, Sony Pictures Imageworks, Scanline VFX, Method Studios and The Mill. It has been used in many feature animation productions, including Disney's feature films Fantasia 2000, Frozen, Zootopia and Raya and the Last Dragon; the Blue Sky Studios film Rio, and DNA Productions' Ant Bully. SideFX also publishes Houdini Apprentice, a limited version of the software that is free of charge for non-commercial use.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Human–Machine Interface in Society 5.0
The blending of human and mechanical capabilities has become a reality in the realm of Industry 4.0. Human–machine interaction (HMI) is a crucial aspect of Society 5.0, in which technology is leveraged for solving social challenges and improving quality of life. The key objective of HMI is to create a harmonious relationship between humans and machines where they work together towards a common goal. This is achieved by focusing on the strengths of each component, with machines handling tasks that require speed and accuracy while humans focus on tasks that require creativity, critical thinking, and empathy. 
  • 2.6K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Capricornus
Capricornus, often depicted as a sea-goat in mythology, is a zodiac constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is derived from the Latin words "capra," meaning goat, and "cornu," meaning horn. Capricornus is notable for containing several bright stars and is associated with the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications
As an alternative method to the practical limitations of air cooling, liquid cooling methods have drawn attention. Liquid cooling can dissipate heat up to 202 W/cm2, which is approximately six times higher than that of conventional air cooling. The liquid cooling can be divided into one-phase driven by a pump and two-phase cooling using pool boiling.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)
Problematic internet use or pathological internet use is generally defined as problematic, compulsive use of the internet, that results in significant impairment in an individual's function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder, with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance plummets as they spend more and more time online. Some also experience health consequences from loss of sleep, as they stay up later and later to chat online, check for social network status updates or to further progress in a game. Excessive Internet use has not been recognized as a disorder by the World Health Organization, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the diagnosis of gaming disorder has been included in the ICD-11. Controversy around the diagnosis includes whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Research has approached the question from a variety of viewpoints, with no universally standardized or agreed definitions, leading to difficulties in developing evidence based recommendations. As adolescents (12–19 years) and emerging adults (20–29 years) access the Internet more than any other age groups and undertake a higher risk of overuse, of the Internet the problem of Internet behavior disorder is most relevant to young people.
  • 2.6K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency, Vibrations and Noise of Fan
Fans as industrial devices are among the most significant single recipients of driving energy. Therefore, they represent an important area of energy savings to reduce CO2 emissions. The ubiquity of fans and their operation under conditions different from the optimum provides an opportunity for more significant global reductions in the energy used to drive them. The second important aspect, besides energy efficiency, related to the operation of fans is the noise they generate.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fruit by-Products
Fruit by-Products deals with the bioactive compounds present in the by-products generated by the fruit processing industry with large amounts. These bioactive compounds are mainly dietary fibres, phenolic compounds, proteins and lipids. They have significant chemical, physical and biological properties which make fruits by-products a good source for new supplements in food products having important effect on intestinal function. 
  • 2.6K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Coal Bottom Ash
Coal bottom ash (CBA) is physically similar to natural aggregates and resembles Portland cement (PC) when pulverized into finer particles.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose Derivatives-Based Dressings for Wound-Healing Management
Notwithstanding the progress regarding wound-healing management, the treatment of the majority of skin lesions still represents a serious challenge for biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, the attention of the researchers has turned to the development of novel materials based on cellulose derivatives. Cellulose derivatives are semi-synthetic biopolymers, which exhibit high solubility in water and represent an advantageous alternative to water-insoluble cellulose. These biopolymers possess excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, thermo-gelling behavior, mechanical strength, abundance, low costs, antibacterial effect, and high hydrophilicity. They have an efficient ability to absorb and retain a large quantity of wound exudates in the interstitial sites of their networks and can maintain optimal local moisture. Cellulose derivatives also represent a proper scaffold to incorporate various bioactive agents with beneficial therapeutic effects on skin tissue restoration. Due to these suitable and versatile characteristics, cellulose derivatives are attractive and captivating materials for the development of multiple biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as wound dressings, drug delivery devices, and tissue engineering.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Development of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a form of cementitious composite that has been the most innovative product in concrete technology. Ultra-high-performance concrete has been broadly employed for the design of numerous forms of construction owing to its excellent mechanical characteristics and durability. 
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Food Waste Valorisation Techniques
Food waste valorisation techniques aim to convert food waste into value-added products that can be integrated into various stages of the food supply chain. Some sustainable techniques for food waste valorisation include composting, anaerobic digestion, bioconversion, and upcycling.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electrochromic Windows in Buildings
Electrochromic systems for smart windows make it possible to enhance energy efficiency in the construction sector. The dynamic modulation of the spectral properties of a glazing, within the visible and infrared ranges of wavelengths, allows smart adaptation of thermal and optical figures of merit of a glazing, according to the everchanging conditions of the external environment. This allows appropriate control of the daylighting penetration within the building. The consequent advantages are manifold and are still being explored in the scientific literature. The reduction in energy consumption for summer air conditioning (and artificial lighting, too) becomes significant, especially in “cooling dominated” climates, reaching high percentages of saving, compared to common transparent windows; on the other hand, the continuous adaptation of the optical properties of the glass to the changing external conditions makes it possible to set suitable management strategies for the smart window, event in cold climates, in order to reduce glare and other discomfort issues. 
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nicotinamide Riboside
A number of studies confirmed that measurable, biological effects on NAD+ levels can be achieved by oral NR supplementation, with no serious adverse effects. Significant increase of NAD+ levels by NR administration have been reported in whole-blood, liver, skeletal muscles, and brown adipose tissue, but not in the brain and white adipose tissue. The observed differences may be explained by differential expression of Nmrk (nicotinamide ribose kinases, NMRK1 and NMRK2) in the specific tissues. The literature gives some suggestions for the dosing of NR to achieve a desired clinical outcome. NR is considered as a safe supplement as no severe side effects are reported, as otherwise seen with other NAD+ precursers such as flushing, pruritus, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, or increased enzyme activity in the liver or muscles.
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Interband Cascade Laser
The interband cascade laser (ICL) has recently become the go-to coherent optical source for applications in the mid-wave infrared spectral band (especially 3–6 μm) that require high efficiency, low drive power, and small system footprint. The ICL combines a relatively long upper-level lifetime, characteristic of semiconductor interband transitions, with the voltage-efficient cascading scheme originally introduced for the quantum cascade laser (which employs intersubband transitions to produce light). Following the first room-temperature (RT) continuous wave (cw) operation in 2008, ICLs have operated in cw mode up to 118 ºC, produced > 500 mW of cw power at RT, displayed wallplug efficiencies up to 18% for RT cw operation, and operated in cw mode at RT to wavelengths as long as 6 µm. The low ICL drive power, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude less than is required for a quantum cascade laser (QCL), is especially important in applications such as portable battery- or solar-powered laser spectroscopy systems that require a small footprint. Distributed-feedback (DFB) ICLs emitting in a single spectral mode have generated up to 55 mW of cw power at RT, and have operated at wavelengths as long as 6.6 µm. Newer device classes include ICL frequency combs, interband cascade vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, interband cascade LEDs, interband cascade detectors, and ICLs incorporated into photonic integrated circuits.
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Sep 2020
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