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Topic Review
Invasive Mold Disease
The incidence of invasive mold disease (IMD) has significantly increased over the last decades, and IMD of the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly severe form of this infection. Solid data on the incidence of CNS IMD in the pediatric setting are lacking, in which Aspergillus spp. is the most prevalent pathogen, followed by mucorales. CNS IMD is difficult to diagnose, and although imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging have considerably improved, these techniques are still unspecific. As microscopy and culture have a low sensitivity, non-culture-based assays such as the detection of fungal antigens (e.g., galactomannan or beta-D-glucan) or the detection of fungal nucleic acids by molecular assays need to be validated in children with suspected CNS IMD.
  • 664
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Torkildsen’s Ventriculocisternostomy First Applications
Human skeletal remains are considered as real biological archives of each subject’s life. Generally, traumas, wounds, surgical interventions, and many human pathologies suffered in life leave identifiable marks on the skeleton, and their correct interpretation is possible only through a meticulous anthropological investigation of skeletal remains. The study here presented concerns the analysis of a young Slavic soldier’s skeleton who died, after his imprisonment, in the concentration camp of Torre Tresca (Bari, Italy), during the Second World War (1946). In particular, the skull exhibited signs of surgical activity on the posterior cranial fossa and the parieto-occipital bones. They could be attributed to surgical procedures performed at different times, showing various degrees of bone edge remodeling. Overall, it was possible to correlate the surgical outcomes highlighted on the skull to the Torkildsen’s ventriculocisternostomy (VCS), the first clinically successful shunt for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion in hydrocephalus, which gained widespread use in the 1940s. For this reason, the skeleton we examined represents a rare, precious, and historical testimony of an emerging and revolutionary neurosurgical technique, which differed from other operations for treating hydrocephalus before the Second World War and was internationally recognized as an efficient procedure before the introduction of extracranial shunts.
  • 664
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 659
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Childhood-Onset Myasthenia
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is understood to be a neuromuscular disorder caused by an immune disturbance at the neuromuscular junction, which results in symptoms such as muscle weakness and fatigue.
  • 657
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 impairs the renin-angiotensin-aledosterone system via binding ACE2 enzyme. ACE2 plays a key role in the biosynthesis of angiotensin (1-7), catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin 2 into angiotensin (1-7) and the reaction of angiotensin synthesis (1-9), from which angiotensin is (1-7) produced under the influence of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme).
  • 655
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii;).
  • 652
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vaccines in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a problem for women’s health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual’s response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach.
  • 647
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The liver is highly susceptible to alcohol because it is the first organ where alcohol is metabolized, and it has a high level of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Metabolization of alcohol in the liver produces various hepatotoxic byproducts and significant oxidative stress on the liver, leading to the large-scale death of hepatocytes . Oxidative stress and excessive cell death exacerbate inflammation in the liver. Prolonged cell damage and inflammation activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are key players in the development of fibrosis in the liver. ALD encompasses a diverse spectrum, from mild to severe pathologies, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 640
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pulmonary Stretch and Lung Mechanotransduction
Interstitial lung diseases (not limited to IPF) showing a UIP pattern are subjected to acute exacerbations with dramatic gas exchange impairment requiring ventilatory assistance. Once mechanical ventilation is needed, a protective strategy is advisable in order to reduce lung stretch and consequently avoid fibrotic lung damage progression via mechanotransduction. Differently from the recommended ventilatory management of ARDS patients, an open lung approach with a high level of PEEP to prevent atelectotrauma should be rather avoided.
  • 639
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
From ONE Health to ONE Paleopathology: Deep-Time Perspectives on Health in the Face of Climate and Environmental Change
This entry explores the emergence of ONE Paleopathology as a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to understanding health through deep time. The entry discusses key areas where paleopathological research provides crucial insights: animals as sentinels of environmental health, the evolution and transmission of infectious diseases, the impacts of urbanization and pollution on human health, and the effects of climate change on disease patterns. Special attention is given to case studies involving malaria, tuberculosis, and environmental toxicity, demonstrating how past human–environment interactions inform current health strategies. The entry also emphasizes the importance of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems in understanding and managing health challenges, highlighting how traditional ecological knowledge complements scientific approaches. By bridging past and present, ONE Paleopathology offers valuable perspectives for addressing modern health challenges in the context of accelerating environmental change, while promoting more equitable and sustainable approaches to global health.
  • 638
  • 13 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Taurine in Skeletal Muscle
Taurine or 2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid is primarily a free occurring sulfur-containing amino acid. Unlike most other amino acids, it is not a building block for proteins, yet classifies as a conditionally essential amino acid that is abundant in excitable tissues such as brain, retina, heart, and skeletal muscle, where intracellular concentrations range from 20 to 70 mmol/kg. Knockout of the taurine transporter in mice results in low taurine concentrations in the muscle and associates with myofiber necrosis and diminished exercise capacity. Interestingly, regulation of taurine and its transporter is altered in the mdx mouse, a model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin from the muscle membrane, causing destabilization and contraction-induced muscle cell damage.
  • 637
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Preoperative Anemia
Preoperative anemia is a risk predictor of perioperative transfusion of allogeneic blood products, which carries a significant risk of adverse events and mortality. In critically ill and surgical patients, transfusion of a single unit of packedred blood cells increased the multivariate risk of mortality, wound problems, pulmonary complications, postoperative renal dysfunction, systemic sepsis, composite morbidity, and prolonged postoperative LoS compared to propensity-matched patients who did not receive intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). Further concerns have been raised that ABT is associated with recurrence in cancer surgery.
  • 636
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Unfolded Protein Response in Cystic Fibrosis
The UPR is responsible for the activation of degradation genes of the ERAD, the increased expression of chaperons and limits the global protein synthesis in cells. It limits the expression of the p.Phe508del-CFTR itself, by the activation of ATF6. Therefore, the hypothesis that it is likely triggered but becomes obvious when other events happen, including infection and/or inflammation, that also contribute the UPR triggering.
  • 634
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neurological Disorders in Animals with NKA Mutations
Endogenous cardiotonic steroids are involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which are linked to dopaminergic system dysfunction. Animal models have shown that the cardiotonic steroid ouabain induces mania-like behavior through dopamine-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, mutations in the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase lead to the development of neurological pathologies. Evidence from animal models confirms the neurological consequences of mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit. 
  • 633
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Novel Advances in Treatment of Meningiomas
Meningiomas are extra-axial, slow-growing, and (usually) benign tumors. These tumors arise from meningothelial cells of the arachnoid layer, so they can be encountered anywhere this type of cell is localized.
  • 627
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Breast Imaging
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in mammography have gained significant popular attention; however, AI has the potential to revolutionize other aspects of breast imaging beyond simple lesion detection. AI has the potential to enhance risk assessment by combining conventional factors with imaging and improve lesion detection through a comparison with prior studies and considerations of symmetry. It also holds promise in ultrasound analysis and automated whole breast ultrasound, areas marked by unique challenges. AI’s potential utility also extends to administrative tasks such as Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) compliance, scheduling, and protocoling, which can reduce the radiologists’ workload. However, adoption in breast imaging faces limitations in terms of data quality and standardization, generalizability, benchmarking performance, and integration into clinical workflows. 
  • 624
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tuberculosis in Brief
Tuberculosis, often abbreviated as TB, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also target other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing tiny respiratory droplets containing the bacteria, which can be inhaled by others. This ancient disease has a profound historical legacy, with evidence of TB infections dating back thousands of years. It is characterized by a persistent cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Left untreated, TB can be fatal. However, it can be cured and treated effectively with a combination of antibiotics over several months. TB remains a global health challenge, especially in low-income countries and among vulnerable populations. Efforts to combat TB include early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and public health measures to prevent its spread. Research and ongoing medical innovations play a critical role in the fight against this enduring public health threat.
  • 619
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Selected IBD Biomarkers
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a dysregulated inflammatory condition induced by multiple factors. The etiology of IBD is largely unknown, and the disease progression and prognosis are variable and unpredictable with uncontrolled disease behavior. Monitoring the status of chronic colitis closely is challenging for physicians, because the assessment of disease activity and severity require invasive methods. Using laboratory biomarkers may provide a useful alternative to invasive methods in the diagnosis and management of IBD.
  • 617
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs—The Heart of Post-Myocardial Infarction-Remodeling
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by translational repression or messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. MiRNAs can, either directly or via other effectors, modulate the remodeling process after MI. The balance between pro-fibrotic miRNAs and anti-fibrotic miRNAs seems to be the key to repairing the injured myocardium.
  • 617
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Complications Caused by Tibial Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are the most common benign primary bone tumors in growing patients representing about 35–45% of all benign bone tumors. About 90% of these occur sporadically and are usually solitary. Osteochondromas occur most often around the knee (40%) and proximal tibial is affected in 15–20%. Vascular complications are rare and include vessel perforation and thrombosis, arterial thromboembolic events and pseudoaneurysm formation. 
  • 609
  • 26 May 2022
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