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Topic Review
Hypovitaminosis D and T Cell in Obesity
Subclinical inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with the activation of the immune system and the development of concomitant diseases. Impaired immune homeostasis and dysregulation of immune cells in adipose tissue are associated with phenotypic and functional changes in the pool of T-lymphocytes and the development of chronic vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D levels in obesity lead to activation, proliferation, and production of pro-inflammatory mediators T cells. Hypovitaminosis D is the reason for the decrease in the functional potential of regulatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and the maintenance of the inflammatory response.
  • 675
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The use of parenteral nutrition (PN) can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. 
  • 672
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DBM among Adults in China
Few studies have focused on quantifying the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) phenomenon in China. We aimed to clarify the prevalence of DBM among Chinese adults as well as to examine whether daily dietary micronutrient status varies by body mass index (BMI) categories.
  • 671
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Celiac Disease and the Thyroid
Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses, promoting autoimmune diseases, as well as shared cytokines in pathogenesis pathways, cross-reacting antibodies or malabsorption of micronutrients that are essential for the thyroid like iron or vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in patients with AITD, but might protect from autoimmunity by wielding immunoregulatory and tolerogenic impacts. Additionally, vitamin D is assumed to be involved in the onset and progression of CD, presumably plays a substantial protective role for intestinal mucosa and affects the thyroid via its immunomodulatory effects. Iron is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland needed for effective iodine utilization by the iron-dependent enzyme thyroid iodine peroxidase (TPO). Despite being crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in patients with hypothyroidism like HT and is frequently found in patients with CD.
  • 671
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Phytochemicals in Lung Carcinogenesis
Chemoprevention is becoming more and more important in lung cancer treatment, especially for dietary chemoprevention, has been paid more and more attention. Dietary phytochemicals mainly include medicinal plants, beverages, fruits, vegetables, spices, etc.
  • 667
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plant Toxic Proteins
Plants evolve to synthesize various natural metabolites to protect themselves against threats, such as insects, predators, microorganisms, and environmental conditions (such as temperature, pH, humidity, salt, and drought). Plant-derived toxic proteins are often secondary metabolites generated by plants. These proteins, including ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors, canatoxin-like proteins and ureases, arcelins, antimicrobial peptides, and pore-forming toxins, are found in different plant parts, such as the roots, tubers, stems, fruits, buds, and foliage.
  • 664
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Diet on Gut-Microbiota during COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with diverse clinical manifestations, immune dysfunction, and gut microbiota alterations. The nutritional and biochemical quality of one’s diet can influence the intestinal microbiota, which may play a role in the defense mechanisms against potential pathogens, by promoting a wide variety of immune–host interactions. In the COVID-19 pandemic, besides the development of pharmacological therapies, a healthy balanced diet, rich with food-derived antioxidants, may be a useful strategy. Many studies demonstrated that vitamins and probiotic therapies have positive effects on the treatment and prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation in COVID-19. The ecology of the gut microbiota in the digestive tract has been linked to the transport function of the host receptor known as angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), suggesting that COVID-19 may be related to the gut microbiota. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and its receptor (ACE2), play central roles in modulating the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, ACE2 has functions that act independently of the RAS. ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus, and ACE2 is essential for the expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the gut. In this context, ACE2 modulates innate immunity and influences the composition of the gut microbiota. Malnutrition is one of the leading underlying causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, including comorbidities, may be a major cause of worse outcomes and higher mortality among COVID-19 patients.
  • 662
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Common Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Diet
Dietary choices can have an immense impact on the microbial flora of the gut in people with inflammatory diseases. 
  • 662
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Glycemic Index/Glycemic Load in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that often develops during pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR). To ensure the well-being of both the mother and the fetus, the body undergoes multiple metabolic and immunological changes that result in peripheral IR and, under certain hereditary or acquired abnormalities, GDM in predisposed women. The adverse short- and long-term effects of GDM impact both the mother and the fetus. Nutrition seems to play an important role to prevent GDM or improve its evolution. An emphasis has been given to the proportion of carbohydrates (CHO) relative to protein and lipids, as well as dietary patterns, in GDM. The effects of CHO on postprandial glucose concentrations are reflected in the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Diets rich in GI and GL may induce or exacerbate IR, whereas diets low in GI and GL appear to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glycemic control. These positive outcomes may be attributed to direct interactions with insulin and glucose homeostasis or indirect effects through improved body composition and weight management. 
  • 662
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effects of Antioxidant Intake on Maternal/Neonatal Health
During pregnancy, cycles of hypoxia and oxidative stress play a key role in the proper development of the fetus. Hypoxia during the first weeks is crucial for placental development, while the increase in oxygen due to the influx of maternal blood stimulates endothelial growth and angiogenesis. However, an imbalance in the number of oxidative molecules due to endogenous or exogenous factors can overwhelm defense systems and lead to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many pregnancy complications, generated by systemic inflammation and placental vasoconstriction, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth (PTB), are related to this increase of ROS.
  • 660
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Osteosarcopenic Adiposity
Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome denotes the confluence of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue deterioration. Being a complex entity, numerous uncertainties about OSA still exist, despite the extensive research on the topic. 
  • 659
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in “modern” societies.
  • 657
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Edible Insects
Novel foods, including edible insects, are emerging because of their nutritional characteristics and low environmental impacts and could represent a valid alternative source of food in a more sustainable way. Edible insects have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Insect-derived bioactive peptides exert antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and have protective effects against common metabolic conditions. 
  • 656
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a unique form of non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy, restricted to the esophagus, characterized by esophageal eosinophil-predominant inflammation and dysfunction. The diagnosis requires an esophago-gastroduodenoscopy with esophageal biopsies demonstrating active eosinophilic inflammation with 15 or more eosinophils/high-power field, following the exclusion of alternative causes of eosinophilia. Food allergens trigger the disease, withdairy/milk, wheat/gluten, egg, soy/legumes, and seafood the most common. Therapeutic strategies comprise dietary restrictions, proton pump inhibitors, topical corticosteroids, biologic agents, and esophageal dilation when strictures are present. However, avoidance of trigger foods remains the only option targeting the cause, and not the effect, of the disease. Because EoE relapses when treatment is withdrawn, dietary therapy offers a long-term, drug-free alternative to patients who wish to remain off drugs and still be in remission. There are currently multiple dietary management strategies to choose from, each having its specific efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages that both clinicians and patients should acknowledge. In addition, dietary regimens should be tailored around each individual patient to increase the chance of tolerability and long-term adherence. In general, liquid elemental diets devoid of antigens and elimination diets restricting causative foods are valuable options. Designing diets on the basis of food allergy skin tests results is not reliable and should be avoided.
  • 653
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide of Human Longevity and Health Span
The master molecular regulators and mechanisms determining longevity and health span include nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radicals (SOR). L-arginine, the NO synthase (NOS) substrate, can restore a healthy ratio between the dangerous SOR and the protective NO radical to promote healthy aging. Antioxidant supplementation orchestrates protection against oxidative stress and damage—L-arginine and antioxidants such as vitamin C increase NO production and bioavailability. Uncoupling of NO generation with the appearance of SOR can be induced by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). L-arginine can displace ADMA from the site of NO formation if sufficient amounts of the amino acid are available. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acids can scavenge SOR and increase the bioavailability of NO.
  • 651
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vegan Diet and Type2 Diabetes
An association between a vegan diet and a reduced risk of total cancer incidence has been demonstrated in large prospective cohort studies, but its impact in diabetes mellitus (DM) is still under debate. As diet and lifestyle are the fundamental pillars of DM prevention and therapy and plant-based diets (PBD) are considered an example of healthful eating patterns and are recommended for individuals with DM, we may also expect some beneficial effects in the case of the vegan diet.
  • 648
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Parenteral Cysteine Supplementation in Preterm Infants
Term infants with specific pathologies and preterm infants are frequently unable to feed and need parenteral nutrition (PN) to provide adequate calories and necessary nutrients that promote growth and sustain essential biological functions. Amino acid (AA) solutions are an integral part of standard PN administered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). These AA solutions contain variable amounts of both essential and nonessential AAs. A low plasma level of any AA indicates a relative deficiency of this AA, which may be detrimental to nitrogen balance, growth and the specific functions related to this AA. Multiple studies confirmed low plasma cysteine in parenterally fed neonates. Cysteine plays an important role in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which is a cornerstone in keeping the oxidant–antioxidant balance in preterm infants who are exposed to high oxidative stress induced mainly by O2 supplementation and PN contaminated with peroxide. To respond to the urgent need for changing the current methods of parenteral cysteine supplementation, glutathione addition to PN is presented as an innovative alternative with promising results in an animal model. Future directions for research in this field are proposed.
  • 645
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits to the host. Prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, are nondigestible food components that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, whereas synbiotics are a mixture of live microorganisms with substrates that are selectively utilized by host which can provide even more benefits than prebiotics alone.
  • 634
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Selenium-Enriched Foods
Selenium plays important roles in human health, but both selenium deficiency and excess can cause severe harm to humans and animals. Studies have shown that the effects of selenium supplementation depend on its dosage and species. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced and scientifical selenium supplementation. In recent years, natural and artificial selenium-enriched foods have been developed as the major sources of dietary selenium supplementation, and various selenium-enriched foods have been demonstrated to exhibit different physiological functions in vitro and in vivo, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, etc.
  • 634
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Nut/Seed Consumption in Colorectal Cancer
Diet is an important factor that influences the incidence of colorectal cancer, with red meat consumption in particular being associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer, while higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, as seen in the Mediterranean diet, seems to have protective effects. Among the food categories, nuts and seeds boast numerous beneficial effects for cardiovascular health and metabolic balance and they contain a plethora of phytochemicals and antioxidants.
  • 630
  • 19 Sep 2022
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