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Topic Review
Nanomedicine Applications in Lung Cancer Drug Resistance Management
Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer occurrence and mortality worldwide. Treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic LC presents a significant challenge, as malignant cells use different mechanisms to resist chemotherapy. Drug resistance (DR) is a complex process that occurs due to a variety of genetic and acquired factors. Identifying the mechanisms underlying DR in LC patients and possible therapeutic alternatives for more efficient therapy is a central goal of LC research. Advances in nanotechnology resulted in the development of targeted and multifunctional nanoscale drug constructs. The possible modulation of the components of nanomedicine, their surface functionalization, and the encapsulation of various active therapeutics provide promising tools to bypass crucial biological barriers. These attributes enhance the delivery of multiple therapeutic agents directly to the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reversal of LC resistance to anticancer treatment. 
  • 808
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Doped Carbon Quantum Dot-Based Nanomaterials
The development of advanced lubricants is essential for the pursuit of energy efficiency and sustainable development. In order to improve the properties of lubricating fluids, high-performance lubricating additives are required. In recent research studies, carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have been examined as lubricating additives to water or oil. Lubricating oils are well known for the presence of additives, especially friction-reducers and anti-wear additives. Carbon dots (CD) are carbon nanomaterials that are synthesized from single-atom-thick sheets containing a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups; they have gained increasing attention as friction-reducing and antiwear additives. CDs have gradually been revealed to have exceptional tribological properties, particularly acting as additives to lubricating base oils.
  • 807
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Resistive Chemosensors for the Detection of CO
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, resulting mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and thus largely spread in urban environments or regions with a high traffic density. The sensors that can detect toxic gas are usually characterized by the presence of CO absorption sites in their structures, with the Langmuir reaction model offering a good description of the reaction mechanism involved in capturing the gas.
  • 803
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ga Based Particles/Alloys/Composites
Liquid metal (LM) materials, including pure gallium (Ga) LM, eutectic alloys and their composites with organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles, are cutting-edge functional materials owing to their outstanding electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, extraordinary mechanical compliance, deformability and excellent biocompatibility. The unique properties of LM-based materials at room temperatures can overcome the drawbacks of the conventional electronic devices, particularly high thermal, electrical conductivities and their fluidic property, which would open tremendous opportunities for the fundamental research and practical applications of stretchable and wearable electronic devices. Therefore, research interest has been increasingly devoted to the fabrication methodologies of LM nanoparticles and their functional composites.
  • 801
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Polymer Nanocomposites for Mechanical Properties
Nanoscience paves new avenues in the field of the scientific community as well as industry. In the case of civil engineering, a substantial interest can be observed in nano-sized materials, such as nano-silica powder, nanofibers, and nanotubes intended for structural applications. Nanofibers and nanotubes are used to introduce nano-reinforcements in polymer matrices that enable a decrease in the required amount of steel reinforcement and reduce corrosion problems affecting engineering structures.
  • 800
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Design of Magnetic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Theranostics
Cancer is the top cause of death globally. Developing smart nanomedicines that are capable of diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) in one–nanoparticle systems are highly desirable for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The magnetic nanoplatforms are the ideal system for cancer theranostics, because of their diverse physiochemical properties and biological effects. In particular, a biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticle based magnetic nanoplatform can exhibit multiple magnetic–responsive behaviors under an external magnetic field and realize the integration of diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, etc.) and therapy (magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, etc.) in vivo. Furthermore, due to considerable variation among tumors and individual patients, it is a requirement to design iron oxide nanoplatforms by the coordination of diverse functionalities for efficient and individualized theranostics. 
  • 799
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Removal of Chemical Warfare Agents
The destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is a crucial area of research due to the ongoing evolution of toxic chemicals. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous crystalline solids, have emerged as promising materials for this purpose. Their remarkable porosity and large surface areas enable superior adsorption, reactivity, and catalytic abilities, making them ideal for capturing and decomposing target species. Moreover, the tunable networks of MOFs allow customization of their chemical functionalities, making them practicable in personal protective equipment and adjustable to dynamic environments.
  • 799
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, which have led to their widespread applications in various fields. The properties of nanoparticles, including size, surface area, surface chemistry, optical properties, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties, can be tuned by changing the size, shape, and composition of nanoparticles. With ongoing research and development, nanoparticles are expected to play an increasingly important role in various fields, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental science.
  • 798
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
Materials are the basis of the evolution of human civilization. The pursuit of the ultimate properties of materials, such as super strength and super toughness, has strongly promoted the development of human culture. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with superior mechanical properties are expected to play a role in the next generation of critical engineering mechanical materials.
  • 797
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomolecule Delivery in Neuroregeneration Strategies
Neurodegenerative disorders have sophisticated etiology and represent a serious challenge for society. Among the various risk factors, oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation (which can be due to viral infection or other causes) are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Enabling challenging applications of nanomedicine and precision medicine in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders requires deeper investigations of nanocarrier-mediated biomolecular delivery for neuronal targeting and recovery. Researchers place emphasis on nanoformulations for the delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using different types of lipidic nanocarriers (liposomes, liquid crystalline or solid lipid nanoparticles), hydrogels, and scaffolds. 
  • 796
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Novel Spinel Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
The energy demand generated by fossil fuels is increasing day by day, and it has drastically increased after the COVID-19 pandemic as industries and household utilities rejuvenate. Renewable sources are thus becoming more essential as easily available, alternative methods of low-cost energy generation. Among these renewables, solar energy, i.e., solar power, is a promising energy source and can be used for solar-based H2 evolution because H2 technology is a leading source of eco-friendly electricity generation, and most of the worldwide efforts to develop this method involve heterogeneous catalysis for H2 evolution via water splitting and its storage, i.e., using a fuel cell. In the current scenario, there is a need to develop a stable, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous catalyst system, which is a great challenge. 
  • 796
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Optical Sensing Applications of Metal Nanoparticles
Plasmonics deals with the free electron vibrations in metal nanostructures, and the interaction of such vibrations with atoms and molecules to create optical nanodevices. A surface plasmon is a collective oscillation of free electrons on the metal surface when the real part of the metal dielectric constant is negative. If the electromagnetic wave is coupled to collective electron oscillations, a surface plasmon wave is induced and propagates along the metal surface, and the electric field in the normal direction to the metal surface is nonradiative and strongly localized at the metal surface. An important phenomenon in plasmonics is the strong spatial localization of electron oscillations at a plasmon resonance frequency. This strong localization leads to a huge increase in the local electric and magnetic fields. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is the collective oscillation of free electrons like that of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 
  • 795
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Phytosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles
Phytosynthesized nanoparticles represent a continuously increasing field of research, with numerous studies published each year. However, with the emerging interest in this area, the quality of the published works is also continuously increasing, switching from routine antioxidant or antimicrobial studies on trivial microbial lines to antibiotic-resistant strains or antitumoral studies. However, this increasing interest has not been not reflected in the studies regarding the toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs); this should be a subject of greatest interest, as the increasing administration of NPs in general (and phytosynthesized NPs in particular) could lead to their accumulation in the environment (soil, water and living organisms).
  • 791
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanosized Janus and Dendrimer Particles
Nanosized Janus and dendrimer particles have emerged as promising nanocarriers for the target-specific delivery and improved bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. Janus particles, with two distinct regions exhibiting different physical and chemical properties, provide a unique platform for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs or tissue-specific targeting. Conversely, dendrimers are branched, nanoscale polymers with well-defined surface functionalities that can be designed for improved drug targeting and release. Both Janus particles and dendrimers have demonstrated their potential to improve the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase the intracellular uptake of drugs, and reduce their toxicity by controlling the release rate. 
  • 791
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Rutina
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the bioactivity of rutin, a dietary flavonol naturally found in several plant species. Despite widespread knowledge of its numerous health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects, industrial use of rutin is still limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, the characteristic bitter and astringent taste of phenolic compounds and its susceptibility to degradation during processing. To expand its applications and preserve its biological activity, novel encapsulation systems have been developed.
  • 787
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes
Electrospinning is a versatile technique which results in the formation of a fine web of fibers. The mechanical properties of electrospun fibers depend on the choice of solution constituents, processing parameters, environmental conditions, and collector design. Once electrospun, the fibrous web has little mechanical integrity and needs post fabrication treatments for enhancing its mechanical properties. The treatment strategies include both the chemical and physical techniques. The effect of these post fabrication treatments on the properties of electrospun membranes can be assessed through either conducting tests on extracted single fiber specimens or macro scale testing on membrane specimens. The latter scenario is more common in the literature due to its simplicity and low cost.
  • 786
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Interaction of Phosphorus Dendrimers with Pre-Existing Metal Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are defined as matter that has at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm, and that generally has different properties from its bulk. This is particularly the case for metal nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (NPs), which have a different color depending on their size and differs from the color of bulk gold, in connection with their surface plasmon resonance. Gold NPs are widely used for diagnostics and therapy. Dendrimers are monodisperse hyperbranched polymers of nanometric size, very different from classical polymers, as they are synthesized step-by-step and not by bulk polymerization reactions. Most dendrimers are synthesized by a divergent process, starting from a multifunctional core, possessing 2 to 8 functions in most cases. Such a divergent process frequently involves two steps. Among the different types of dendrimers, polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers have been chosen.
  • 785
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MOF-Based Materials for Cathode Preparation in AZIBs
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high safety, large capacity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Their commercialization is currently hindered by several challenging issues, including cathode degradation and zinc dendrite growth.
  • 784
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. The transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. 
  • 783
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Sensing with Molecular Imprinting Technology
Molecularly imprinted plasmonic nanosensors are robust devices capable of selective target interaction, and in some cases reaction catalysis. Recent advances in control of nanoscale structure have opened the door for development of a wide range of chemosensors for environmental monitoring. The soaring rate of environmental pollution through human activities and its negative impact on the ecosystem demands an urgent interest in developing rapid and efficient techniques that can easily be deployed for in-field assessment and environmental monitoring purposes. Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) play a significant role for agricultural use; however, they also present environmental threats to human health due to their chemical toxicity. Plasmonic sensors are thus vital analytical detection tools that have been explored for many environmental applications and OPP detection due to their excellent properties such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid recognition capability. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have also significantly been recognized as a highly efficient, low-cost, and sensitive synthetic sensing technique that has been adopted for environmental monitoring of a wide array of environmental contaminants, specifically for very small molecule detection.
  • 783
  • 31 Mar 2023
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