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Topic Review
Multiple Scale Fibrous systems Heating
Different types of heating systems have been developed lately, representing a growing interest in both the academic and industrial sectors. Based on the Joule effect, fibrous structures can produce heat once an electrical current is passed, whereby different approaches have been followed. For that purpose, materials with electrical and thermal conductivity have been explored, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metallic nanostructures, intrinsically conducting polymers, fibers or hybrids.
  • 830
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rutina
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the bioactivity of rutin, a dietary flavonol naturally found in several plant species. Despite widespread knowledge of its numerous health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects, industrial use of rutin is still limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, the characteristic bitter and astringent taste of phenolic compounds and its susceptibility to degradation during processing. To expand its applications and preserve its biological activity, novel encapsulation systems have been developed.
  • 826
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Green Electrospun Nanofibers for Biotechnology
Electrospinning is a versatile and scalable fabrication technique that is used to produce nanoscale fibers with diameters ranging from a few nanometers up to micrometers. In a typical electrospinning process, a high voltage is applied to a polymer solution or melt loaded in a syringe. When the electrical forces overcome the surface tension of the liquid or melt, a charged jet is ejected from the tip of the syringe. As the jet travels in the air, one of two things can occur. For techniques using a polymer solution, the solvent evaporates as the jet travels, leaving behind thin solid fibers. For melt electrospinning or other solvent-free techniques, the polymer jet undergoes solidification as it travels, without any solvent evaporation involved. In both cases, the solidified fibers are then deposited on the collector. The key differences are whether solvent evaporation plays a role (for solution electrospinning) or if only solidification occurs without solvents (for melt electrospinning).
  • 826
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Fe and Cu
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been postulated as viable, innovative, and efficient technologies for the removal of pollutants from water. Among AOPs, photo-Fenton processes have been shown to be effective for the degradation of various types of organic compounds in industrial wastewater.
  • 824
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare
Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for the development of miniaturized and wearable sensors has skyrocketed. Among them, novel sensors for wearable medical devices are mostly needed. Wearable sensors can monitor physiological parameters in a non-invasive way, thus strongly reducing but not fully avoiding any reactions. With the goal of smart health monitoring, nanosized sol–gel precursors, bringing coupling agents into their chemical structure, were used to modify halochromic dyestuffs, both minimizing leaching from the treated surfaces and increasing photostability for the development of stimuli-responsive sensors.
  • 822
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Nano-Sized Cargos
Bone metastasis has been considered the fatal phase of cancers, which remains incurable and to be a challenge due to the non-availability of the ideal treatment strategy. Unlike bone cancer, bone metastasis involves the spreading of the tumor cells to the bones from different origins. Bone metastasis generally originates from breast and prostate cancers. The possibility of bone metastasis is highly attributable to its physiological milieu susceptible to tumor growth. The treatment of bone-related diseases has multiple complications, including bone breakage, reduced quality of life, spinal cord or nerve compression, and pain. However, anticancer active agents have failed to maintain desired therapeutic concentrations at the target site; hence, uptake of the drug takes place at a non-target site responsible for the toxicity at the cellular level. Interestingly, lipid-based drug delivery systems have become the center of interest for researchers, thanks to their biocompatible and bio-mimetic nature. These systems possess a great potential to improve precise bone targeting without affecting healthy tissues.
  • 819
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Novel Spinel Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
The energy demand generated by fossil fuels is increasing day by day, and it has drastically increased after the COVID-19 pandemic as industries and household utilities rejuvenate. Renewable sources are thus becoming more essential as easily available, alternative methods of low-cost energy generation. Among these renewables, solar energy, i.e., solar power, is a promising energy source and can be used for solar-based H2 evolution because H2 technology is a leading source of eco-friendly electricity generation, and most of the worldwide efforts to develop this method involve heterogeneous catalysis for H2 evolution via water splitting and its storage, i.e., using a fuel cell. In the current scenario, there is a need to develop a stable, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous catalyst system, which is a great challenge. 
  • 819
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Nanozymes in Antibacterial Mechanisms
The exploration of novel class substitutes possessing mimetic functions has become a prominent research area, inspired by the remarkable attributes exhibited by natural enzymes. In this regard, significant attention has been garnered by various nascent nanomaterials collectively referred to as nanozymes due to their unexpected and compelling enzyme mimetic activities. The robust antibacterial efficacy demonstrated by nanozymes is particularly noteworthy, as it has sparked the exploration of diverse innovative antibacterial strategies.
  • 818
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MOF-Based Materials for Cathode Preparation in AZIBs
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high safety, large capacity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Their commercialization is currently hindered by several challenging issues, including cathode degradation and zinc dendrite growth.
  • 814
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Sensing with Molecular Imprinting Technology
Molecularly imprinted plasmonic nanosensors are robust devices capable of selective target interaction, and in some cases reaction catalysis. Recent advances in control of nanoscale structure have opened the door for development of a wide range of chemosensors for environmental monitoring. The soaring rate of environmental pollution through human activities and its negative impact on the ecosystem demands an urgent interest in developing rapid and efficient techniques that can easily be deployed for in-field assessment and environmental monitoring purposes. Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) play a significant role for agricultural use; however, they also present environmental threats to human health due to their chemical toxicity. Plasmonic sensors are thus vital analytical detection tools that have been explored for many environmental applications and OPP detection due to their excellent properties such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid recognition capability. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have also significantly been recognized as a highly efficient, low-cost, and sensitive synthetic sensing technique that has been adopted for environmental monitoring of a wide array of environmental contaminants, specifically for very small molecule detection.
  • 812
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Substrates for MicroRNA Delivery
MicroRNA (miRNA) has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic treatment for cancer, but its delivery has been hindered by low cellular uptake and degradation during circulation.
  • 812
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. The transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. 
  • 811
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanomedicine Applications in Lung Cancer Drug Resistance Management
Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer occurrence and mortality worldwide. Treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic LC presents a significant challenge, as malignant cells use different mechanisms to resist chemotherapy. Drug resistance (DR) is a complex process that occurs due to a variety of genetic and acquired factors. Identifying the mechanisms underlying DR in LC patients and possible therapeutic alternatives for more efficient therapy is a central goal of LC research. Advances in nanotechnology resulted in the development of targeted and multifunctional nanoscale drug constructs. The possible modulation of the components of nanomedicine, their surface functionalization, and the encapsulation of various active therapeutics provide promising tools to bypass crucial biological barriers. These attributes enhance the delivery of multiple therapeutic agents directly to the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reversal of LC resistance to anticancer treatment. 
  • 809
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Phytosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles
Phytosynthesized nanoparticles represent a continuously increasing field of research, with numerous studies published each year. However, with the emerging interest in this area, the quality of the published works is also continuously increasing, switching from routine antioxidant or antimicrobial studies on trivial microbial lines to antibiotic-resistant strains or antitumoral studies. However, this increasing interest has not been not reflected in the studies regarding the toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs); this should be a subject of greatest interest, as the increasing administration of NPs in general (and phytosynthesized NPs in particular) could lead to their accumulation in the environment (soil, water and living organisms).
  • 809
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Modern Antimicrobial Applications of Nanosilver
Silver has an extensive history because it has been used for multiple millennia spanning from the Before Common Era (B.C.E) to the present day. This long-term use of silver stemmed from its anti-deteriorative activity and led to its recognition as the most important antimicrobial agent (i.e., antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antifungal) that predated antibiotics.
  • 809
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Interaction of Phosphorus Dendrimers with Pre-Existing Metal Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are defined as matter that has at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm, and that generally has different properties from its bulk. This is particularly the case for metal nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (NPs), which have a different color depending on their size and differs from the color of bulk gold, in connection with their surface plasmon resonance. Gold NPs are widely used for diagnostics and therapy. Dendrimers are monodisperse hyperbranched polymers of nanometric size, very different from classical polymers, as they are synthesized step-by-step and not by bulk polymerization reactions. Most dendrimers are synthesized by a divergent process, starting from a multifunctional core, possessing 2 to 8 functions in most cases. Such a divergent process frequently involves two steps. Among the different types of dendrimers, polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers have been chosen.
  • 808
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
As the human population ages and the future expands, tissue wounds and pathophysiology will keep on expanding, imposing a real physical and money-related strain on the overall social insurance frameworks. To this end, it is foreseen that biomaterial NPs will offer the best way to deal with regenerative medicine that will assume an urgent role in the regeneration of damaged body parts. It is believed that the field of bioactive nanomaterials will keep on exponentially developing in the future, given the examples of overcoming limitations of biomaterial approaches in scholastic, clinical and mechanical-based procedures. The US market is expected to show increased expenses for bioactive nanomaterial supplies from USD 70.03 billion to USD 130.17 billion before the end of 2021, with a growth rate of 13.2%. Nanomaterials that can be classified as bioactive nanomaterials are divided into two categories according to their origin, either natural or synthetic nanomaterials.
  • 807
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanocrystals in Brain Delivery
Nanocrystalline drug technology involves the reduction in the bulk particle size down to the nanosize range, thus modifying its physico-chemical properties with beneficial effects on drug bioavailability. Nanocrystals (NCs) are carrier-free drug particles surrounded by a stabilizer and suspended in an aqueous medium. The aim of brain drug targeting is the delivery of therapeutics crossing or bypassing the barriers that protect the brain from the entry of foreign substances. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides both anatomical and physiological protection for the CNS. Drug delivery by nanotechnological formulations could promote brain targeting by different transport mechanisms, including the paracellular pathway, the transcellular pathway, the carrier-mediated pathway, receptor-mediated transcytosis and adsorptive transcytosis. 
  • 806
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Based Biosensing Strategies for Plant Pathogen Detection
Medicinal plants are constantly challenged by different biotic inconveniences, which not only cause yield and economic losses but also affect the quality of products derived from them. Among them, Alternaria pathogens are one of the harmful fungal pathogens in medicinal plants across the globe. Therefore, a fast and accurate detection method in the early stage is needed to avoid significant economic losses. Although traditional methods are available to detect Alternaria, they are more time-consuming and costly and need good expertise. Nevertheless, numerous biochemical- and molecular-based techniques are available for the detection of plant diseases, but their efficacy is constrained by differences in their accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, dependability, and speed in addition to being unsuitable for direct on-field studies. Considering the effect of Alternaria on medicinal plants, the development of novel and early detection measures is required to detect causal Alternaria species accurately, sensitively, and rapidly that can be further applied in fields to speed up the advancement process in detection strategies. In this regard, nanotechnology can be employed to develop portable biosensors suitable for early and correct pathogenic disease detection on the field. It also provides an efficient future scope to convert innovative nanoparticle-derived fabricated biomolecules and biosensor approaches in the diagnostics of disease-causing pathogens in important medicinal plants.
  • 806
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Resistive Chemosensors for the Detection of CO
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, resulting mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and thus largely spread in urban environments or regions with a high traffic density. The sensors that can detect toxic gas are usually characterized by the presence of CO absorption sites in their structures, with the Langmuir reaction model offering a good description of the reaction mechanism involved in capturing the gas.
  • 804
  • 19 Apr 2022
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