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Topic Review
Role of Klotho in Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemic conditions (HG), at early stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN), cause a decrease in podocyte numbers and an aberration of their function as key cells for glomerular plasma filtration. Klotho protein was shown to overcome some negative effects of hyperglycemia. Klotho is also a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), the signaling of which, together with a proper rate of glycolysis in podocytes, is needed for a proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier. 
  • 727
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Diet in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and is characterized by a gradual and slow formation and growth of kidney cysts leading to end-stage kidney disease. Dietary interventions are a fundamental part of chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment, demonstrated by their impact on slowing the progression of CKD and reducing the accumulation of metabolic products, helping in lowering symptoms of uremia and metabolic acidosis and lowering phosphate levels. Among the dietary regimens, plant-based diets and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) may be beneficial in slowing CKD progression with their low sodium, saturated fat, phosphate apport, and high fiber intake. In addition, plant-based regimens are alkaline-forming, helping in the reduction of acidosis condition in advanced chronic kidney disease. Similarly, the Mediterranean diet is advantageous in slowing kidney damage progression and cardiovascular disease thanks to the reduction in oxidative stress.
  • 727
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Metabolism-Related Diseases
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are not directly transmissible from person to person, but  are the combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. The main NCDs are diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. The first three are associated with metabolic changes that increase the risk of suffering them.
  • 723
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on Distinct Skeletal Muscle Components
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol utilized in Chinese traditional medicine and thought to be one of the determinants of the “French Paradox”. Some groups evidenced its properties as a calorie-restriction mimetic, suggesting that its action passes through the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Accordingly, the number of studies reporting the beneficial effects of resveratrol on skeletal muscle form and function, in both experimental models and humans, is steadily increasing.
  • 721
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
LC-PUFA Supplementation in Phenylketonuria Patients
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inborn error of amino acid metabolism. The treatment of PKU consists of a phenylalanine-free diet, which limits the intake of natural proteins of high biological value.
  • 718
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diets
Ketogenic diets are very low in carbohydrate, modest in protein, and high in fat. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported beneficial but short-lived effects of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets on various obesity-related health outcomes. 
  • 717
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre and Colorectal Adenoma
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men (after lung and prostate cancer) and the second among women (after breast cancer) worldwide, with approximately 2 new million cases (among both men and women) in 2020. Colorectal cancer is one of the few cancers for which a population screening program is in place practically all over the world. Fibre might play a protective role through several mechanisms, including physical mechanisms, anti-inflammatory properties and prebiotic effects. Results from two extensive and recent meta-analyses confirm the protective role of fibre on colon and rectal cancer risk
  • 715
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Rodent Models of Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the physiological clustering of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The MetS-related chronic illnesses encompass obesity, the cardiovascular system, renal operation, hepatic function, oncology, and mortality. To perform pre-clinical research, it is imperative that these symptoms be successfully induced and optimized in lower taxonomy. Therefore, novel and future applications for a disease model, if proven valid, can be extrapolated to humans. MetS model establishment is evaluated based on the significance of selected test parameters, paradigm shifts from new discoveries, and the accessibility of the latest technology or advanced methodologies. Ultimately, the outcome of animal studies should be advantageous for human clinical trials and solidify their position in advanced medicine for clinicians to treat and adapt to serious or specific medical situations. Rodents (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus) have been ideal models for mammalian studies since the 18th century and have been mapped extensively. 
  • 713
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) Supplementation in Sports Training: A Systematic Review
The aim of this systematic review is to study the effects of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) supplementation for sports activity and physical performance. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for relevant studies from inception up until October 2023. Eleven clinical studies were considered eligible for inclusion (six of them involved the administration of Huangqi alone, while, in the remaining trials, this herb was supplemented in combination with other remedies). On average, the number of study participants ranged from 8 to 120, and the sports activities practiced by the subjects included martial arts, mountain hiking, basketball, rowing, running, aerobic exercises, and strength training. When a dried extract was used, Astragalus was taken at a daily dose of 1 to 4 g for several weeks. Huangqi supplementation was associated with improvements in aerobic performance, oxidative status, reticulocytes percentage, and response to acclimatization, without a specific effect on the athletes’ strength. Better post-exercise immune functions were also observed, especially with regard to NK cell activity, IL-2 levels, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and lymphocyte turnover. No adverse effects were described. In conclusion, Astragalus supplementation has the potential to decrease fatigue, enhance aerobic performance, and mitigate post-exercise immune suppression in athletes. It is advisable to conduct additional research on the subject to enhance the robustness of the existing evidence through larger-scale controlled trials.
  • 711
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hypovitaminosis D and T Cell in Obesity
Subclinical inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with the activation of the immune system and the development of concomitant diseases. Impaired immune homeostasis and dysregulation of immune cells in adipose tissue are associated with phenotypic and functional changes in the pool of T-lymphocytes and the development of chronic vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D levels in obesity lead to activation, proliferation, and production of pro-inflammatory mediators T cells. Hypovitaminosis D is the reason for the decrease in the functional potential of regulatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and the maintenance of the inflammatory response.
  • 709
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Determinants of VLBWs’ Nutrition with Maternal Milk
The low prevalence and short duration of Mother’s Own Milk (MOM) feeding among Very Low-Birth-Weight infants (VLBWs) infants have been associated with several factors. Several studies have shown that mothers who are not married, younger, have a lower educational level, are smokers, multiparous and do not attend prenatal care are less likely to feed their infants with MOM. Furthermore, infants with a lower gestational age, lower birth weight, severe neonatal morbidities and longer hospital stays are less likely to be fed with breast milk. The European EPICE cohort has also explored the maternal, obstetric and infant factors, as well as the maternal and neonatal unit policies that may influence MOM feeding at hospital discharge. Vaginal delivery, singleton delivery and MOM consumption at the first meal have been associated with exclusive MOM feeding, while a positive association with any MOM feeding at discharge is described for factors such as the administration of prenatal corticosteroids, primiparity, timing < 24 h after birth before the first enteral feeding and MOM consumption at the first meal. 
  • 709
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Catechins
Catechins are polyphenolic flavonoids derived from catechu, which is the tannic juice or boiled extract of Acacia catechu L. Green tea, one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, obtained from the buds and leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis, is a well-known source of catechins. Moreover, catechins are found in a variety of foods and herbs including wine, apples, persimmons, cocoa, grapes, berries, and cocoa-based products. Due to numerous hydroxyl groups, catechins have powerful antioxidant and metal-chelating properties, which have been confirmed in in-vitro and clinical studies.
  • 704
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most commonly occurring malignancy in women. There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including diet, body weight and physical activity, may be associated with higher BC risk. 
  • 704
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin Mechanism on Human Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and accounts for most adult brain tumors. Current available treatment options for GBM are multimodal, which include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Despite the significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, GBM remains largely resistant to treatment, with a poor median survival rate between 12 and 18 months. With increasing drug resistance, the introduction of phytochemicals into current GBM treatment has become a potential strategy to combat GBM. Phytochemicals possess multifarious bioactivities with multitarget sites and comparatively marginal toxicity. Among them, curcumin is the most studied compound described as a potential anticancer agent due to its multi-targeted signaling/molecular pathways properties. Curcumin possesses the ability to modulate the core pathways involved in GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, paraptosis, oxidative stress, and tumor cell motility. 
  • 703
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Supplementation and Exercise in Chronic Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is one of principal health problems in industrialized countries. Despite therapeutical improvement, based on drugs and exercise training, it is still characterized by elevated mortality and morbidity. Data show that protein energy malnutrition, clinically evident primarily with sarcopenia, is present in more than 50% of CHF patients and is an independent factor of CHF prognosis. Several pathophysiological mechanisms, primarily due to the increase in blood hypercatabolic molecules, have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Nutritional supplementation with proteins, amino acids, vitamins and antioxidants have all been used to treat malnutrition. However, the success and efficacy of these procedures are often contradictory and not conclusive. Exercise reduces mortality and increases functional capacity, although it also increases the catabolic state with energy expenditure and nitrogen-providing substrate needs.
  • 701
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Oncopharmacognosy
While diet and nutrition are modifiable risk factors for many chronic and infectious diseases, their role in cancer prevention and control remains under investigation. The lack of clarity of some diet–cancer relationships reflects the ongoing debate about the relative contribution of genetic factors, environmental exposures, and replicative errors in stem cell division as determinate drivers of cancer risk. In addition, dietary guidance has often been based upon research assuming that the effects of diet and nutrition on carcinogenesis would be uniform across populations and for various tumor types arising in a specific organ, i.e., that one size fits all. 
  • 698
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Edible Insects
Novel foods, including edible insects, are emerging because of their nutritional characteristics and low environmental impacts and could represent a valid alternative source of food in a more sustainable way. Edible insects have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Insect-derived bioactive peptides exert antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and have protective effects against common metabolic conditions. 
  • 698
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in “modern” societies.
  • 698
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Common Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Diet
Dietary choices can have an immense impact on the microbial flora of the gut in people with inflammatory diseases. 
  • 695
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Beneficial Effects of Dietary Supplements against COVID-19
Diet and dietary supplements aim to add trace elements, vitamins, and minerals to the body to improve human health and boost the immune system. In the peculiar circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, in combination with disease prevention techniques, the strengthening of the immune system is considered particularly important to enable it to effectively respond to and eliminate the SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen in the event of infection. 
  • 694
  • 21 Feb 2024
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