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Topic Review
Self-Assembly Based on DNA Nanotechnology
Using DNA self-assembly, materials can be controlled at the nano scale to achieve atomic- or nano-scaled fabrication. The programmability and addressability of DNA molecules can be applied to realize the self-assembly of materials from the bottom-up, which is called DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanotechnology does not focus on the biological functions of DNA molecules, but combines them into motifs, and then assembles these motifs to form ordered two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) lattices. These lattices can serve as general templates to regulate the assembly of guest materials.
  • 2.8K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Life Satisfaction and Its Relation to Leisure and Self-Reported Health with an Example from Mexico
Life satisfaction is a concept related to an individual’s evaluation of their life, which is determined by taking into account all of the aspects that could affect it. Such an evaluation usually takes into consideration more than just economic conditions. In this paper, we present the relationship of life satisfaction with two of its main determinants, namely, self-reported health and leisure satisfaction. To exemplify this relationship, we utilize data from Mexico.
  • 2.8K
  • 02 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal in Hypertension
Alcoholic beverages are common components of diets worldwide and understanding their effects on humans’ health is crucial. Because hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Two different clinical conditions can result from the interruption of alcohol consumption. In heavy alcohol drinkers, abrupt interruption of alcohol intake might result in an alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), with a critical condition that might require hospitalization. Alternatively, chronic reduction/interruption of alcohol intake could be part of the lifestyle changes that are recommended for the achievement of better blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone with over 300 client proteins that act in the cell cycle and in signalling processes. Disruption of Hsp90 chaperone activity by inhibitors induces simultaneous proteasomal degradation of many deregulated oncoproteins that are critical for all fundamental hallmarks of cancers. To date, mainly Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibitors have been developed for cancer treatments; however, several of these have not been successful in clinical trials, often due to toxicity. One of the major drawbacks associated with Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibition is induction of the pro-survival heat-shock response. This response results in increased levels of Hsp90 and anti-apoptotic proteins, such as heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), Hsp27 and Hsp70, which initiate anti-apoptotic cascades and promote drug resistance, a highly problematic property of any anticancer drug. In contrast, Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors do not induce the heat shock response, and are therefore promising novel agents for treatment of different cancers.
  • 2.8K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Graphene-based Membranes for H2 Separation
Hydrogen is an industrial gas that has showcased its importance in several well-known processes such as ammonia, methanol and steel productions, as well as in petrochemical industries. Besides, there is a growing interest in hydrogen production and purification owing to the global efforts to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, hydrogen which is produced synthetically is expected to contain other impurities and unreacted substituents (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane), such that subsequent purification steps are typically required for practical applications. In this context, membrane-based separation has attracted a vast amount of interest due to its desirable advantages over conventional separation processes, such as the ease of operation, low energy consumption and small plant footprint. Efforts have also been made for the development of high-performance membranes that can overcome the limitations of conventional polymer membranes. In particular, the studies on graphene-based membranes have been actively conducted most recently, showcasing outstanding hydrogen-separation performances.
  • 2.8K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE)
Rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE), performed using the Naviglio extractor, compared to traditional applications, is a technique that is able to reduce extraction times, generally leads to higher yields, does not require heating of the system, allows one to extract the active ingredients, and avoids their degradation. This technique is based on a new solid-liquid extraction principle named Naviglio’s principle: "By using a suitable solvent, the generating of a negative gradient pressure between the outlet and the inlet of a solid matrix containing some extractable material, followed by a sudden restoration of the initial equilibrium conditions, induces the forced extraction of substances not chemically bonded to the principal structure of which the solid is formed".
  • 2.8K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Heat Dissipation Model of TIMs in High-Power Electronics
To improve the heat dissipation capability of high-power electronic systems, advanced thermal interface materials (TIMs) with high thermal conductivity and low interfacial thermal resistance are urgently needed in the structural design of advanced electronics. Metal-, carbon- and polymer-based TIMs can reach high thermal conductivity and are promising for heat dissipation in high-power electronics. 
  • 2.8K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pomegranate by-Products
In recent years, considerable importance is given to the use of agrifood wastes as they contain several groups of substances that are useful for development of functional foods. As muscle foods are prone to lipid and protein oxidation and perishable in nature, the industry is in constant search of synthetic free additives that help in retarding the oxidation process, leading to the development of healthier and shelf stable products.
  • 2.7K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Census of India Prior to Independence
The Census of India prior to independence was conducted periodically from 1865 to 1941. The censuses were primarily concerned with administration and faced numerous problems in their design and conduct ranging from the absence of house numbering in hamlets to cultural objections on various grounds to dangers posed by wild animals to census personnel. The censuses were designed more for social engineering and to further the British agenda for governance than to uncover the underlying structure of the population. The sociologist Michael Mann called the census exercise "more telling of the administrative needs of the British than of the social reality for the people of British India". The differences in the nature of Indian society during the British Raj from the value system and the societies of the West were highlighted by the inclusion of "caste", "religion", "profession" and "age" in the data to be collected, as the collection and analysis of that information had a considerable impact on the structure and political overtones of Indian society.
  • 2.7K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Goldenrod
Solidago, commonly called goldenrods, is a genus of about 100 to 120 species of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. Most are herbaceous perennial species found in open areas such as meadows, prairies, and savannas. They are mostly native to North America, including Mexico; a few species are native to South America and Eurasia. Some American species have also been introduced into Europe and other parts of the world.
  • 2.7K
  • 06 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Mobility
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a social hierarchy, typically involving changes in socioeconomic status, occupational attainment, or educational attainment across generations or within a single lifetime. It encompasses upward mobility, where individuals ascend to higher social positions, as well as downward mobility, where individuals experience a decline in social status. Social mobility reflects the fluidity and dynamism of social structures, influenced by factors such as meritocracy, education, economic opportunity, and social policies.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Receptor-Like Kinases
Receptors form the crux for any biochemical signaling. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling circuits to transduce information from outer plant cell membrane to the nucleus of plant cells, eventually activating processes directing growth, development, stress responses, and disease resistance. Plant RLKs share considerable homology with the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the animal system, differing at the site of phosphorylation. Typically, RLKs have a membrane-localization signal in the amino-terminal, followed by an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a solitary membrane-spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. The functional characterization of ligand-binding domains of the various RLKs has demonstrated their essential role in the perception of extracellular stimuli, while its cytosolic kinase domain is usually confined to the phosphorylation of their substrates to control downstream regulatory machinery. Identification of the several ligands of RLKs, as well as a few of its immediate substrates have predominantly contributed to a better understanding of the fundamental signaling mechanisms. In the model plant Arabidopsis, several studies have indicated that multiple RLKs are involved in modulating various types of physiological roles via diverse signaling routes. Here, we summarize recent advances and provide an updated overview of transmembrane RLKs in Arabidopsis.
  • 2.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Community-Driven Tourism Projects
Community-driven Tourism Projects (CDTPs) are initiated, operated, managed and fully controlled by the community.  The communities identify the tourism resources they have access to, and utilize them for livelihood.  The CDTPs are a platform for not just livelihood but also for poverty alleviation
  • 2.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Cyber-Physical Systems
Modern society is living in an age of paradigm changes. In part, these changes have been driven by new technologies, which provide high performance computing capabilities that enable the creation of complex Artificial Intelligence systems. Those developments are allowing the emergence of new Cyber Systems where the continuously generated data is utilized to build Artificial Intelligence models used to perform specialized tasks within the system. While, on one hand, the isolated application of the cyber systems is becoming widespread, on the other hand, their synchronical integration with other cyber systems to build a concise and cognitive structure that can interact deeply and autonomously with a physical system is still a completely open question, only addressed in some works from a philosophical point of view. From this standpoint, the AI can play an enabling role to allow the existence of these cognitive CPSs.
  • 2.7K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Food Informatics
Food Informatics is the collection, preparation, analysis, and smart use of data from agriculture, the food supply chain, food processing, retail, and smart (consumer) health for knowledge extraction to conduct an intelligent analysis and reveal optimizations to be applied to food production, food consumption, for food security, and the end of life of food products.
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Heinkel He 70
The Heinkel He 70 was a mail plane and fast passenger aircraft of the 1930s designed by Germany aeronautics firm Heinkel Flugzeugwerke, which was also used in auxiliary bomber and aerial reconnaissance roles. It had a relatively brief commercial career before it was replaced by types which could carry more passengers. The He 70 was a leading design for its day, setting eight world speed records by the beginning of 1933.
  • 2.7K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Geobiology
Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere. It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, paleontology, and particularly soil science and biogeochemistry. Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology, geology, and soil science to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world. Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on microorganisms, and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the pedosphere, which exists at the intersection of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and/or cryosphere. It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles. Geobiological research synthesizes the geologic record with modern biologic studies. It deals with process - how organisms affect the Earth and vice versa - as well as history - how the Earth and life have changed together. Much research is grounded in the search for fundamental understanding, but geobiology can also be applied, as in the case of microbes that clean up oil spills. Geobiology employs molecular biology, environmental microbiology, organic geochemistry, and the geologic record to investigate the evolutionary interconnectedness of life and Earth. It attempts to understand how the Earth has changed since the origin of life and what it might have been like along the way. Some definitions of geobiology even push the boundaries of this time frame - to understanding the origin of life and to the role that humans have played and will continue to play in shaping the Earth in the Anthropocene.
  • 2.7K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chang Bogo-Class Submarine
The Chang Bogo-class submarine (Hangul: 장보고급 잠수함, Hanja: 張保皐級潛水艦) is a variant of the Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarine initially developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) of Germany , intended for service with the South Korean Navy and Indonesian Navy. A Daewoo (DSME)-upgraded model of the Chang Bogo class Type 209 is being independently exported by Korea to Indonesia in 2012, after a series of heavy competitions from Russian, French, and German-Turkish consortiums including from Germany's original Type 209. The variant is being considered for possible purchase by Thailand as well, as both newly built and second-hand options. The class is named for ancient Korean maritime figure Jang Bogo.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Electronics
Flexible electronics is a rapidly growing technology for a multitude of applications. Wearables and flexible displays are some application examples.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Energy Management System in Microgrids
This entry gives a brief introduction to microgrids, their operations, and further, a review of different energy management approaches. In a microgrid control strategy, an energy management system (EMS) is the key component to maintain the balance between energy resources (CG, DG, ESS, and EVs) and loads available while contributing the profit to utility. This article classifies the methodologies used for EMS based on the structure, control, and technique used.
  • 2.7K
  • 22 Sep 2021
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