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Topic Review
Vertebrate Ferlins
Ferlins are multiple-C2-domain proteins involved in Ca2+-triggered membrane dynamics within the secretory, endocytic and lysosomal pathways. In bony vertebrates there are six ferlin genes encoding, in humans, dysferlin, otoferlin, myoferlin, Fer1L5 and 6 and the long noncoding RNA Fer1L4. Mutations in DYSF (dysferlin) can cause a range of muscle diseases with various clinical manifestations collectively known as dysferlinopathies, including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi myopathy. A mutation in MYOF (myoferlin) was linked to a muscular dystrophy accompanied by cardiomyopathy. Mutations in OTOF (otoferlin) can be the cause of nonsyndromic deafness DFNB9. Dysregulated expression of any human ferlin may be associated with development of cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Farnesoid X Receptor
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has a central role in Bile Acids (BA) homeostasis and recent publications revealed that changes in autophagy due to BA-induced reactive oxygen species and increased anti-oxidant response via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), result in dysregulation of FXR signaling. Several mechanistic studies have identified new dysfunctions of the cholestatic liver at cellular and molecular level, opening new venues for developing more performant therapies.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Basic Principles and Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality which uses visible light wavelengths, mainly in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions, for the activation of photosensitizing molecules (PSs). The widespread diffusion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for solid tumors is mainly limited by the patient’s adverse reaction (skin photosensitivity), insufficient light penetration in deeply seated neoplastic lesions, unfavorable photosensitizers (PSs) biodistribution, and photokilling efficiency due to PS aggregation in biological environments.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DNA Vaccine
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response. DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response. DNA vaccines have theoretical advantages over conventional vaccines, including the "ability to induce a wider range of types of immune response". Several DNA vaccines have been tested for veterinary use. In some cases, protection from disease in animals has been obtained, in others not. Research is ongoing over the approach for viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases in humans, as well as for cancers. In August 2021, Indian authorities gave emergency approval to ZyCoV-D. Developed by Cadila Healthcare, it is the first DNA vaccine approved for humans.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Effects of R-Loops
R-loops are three-stranded DNA/RNA hybrids that form by the annealing of the mRNA transcript to its coding template while displacing the non-coding strand. While R-loop formation regulates physiological genomic and mitochondrial transcription and DNA damage response, imbalanced R-loop formation can be a threat to the genomic integrity of the cell. As such, R-loop formation is a double-edged sword in cancer progression, and perturbed R-loop homeostasis is observed across various malignancies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
TGF-β in Skin Chronic Wounds
Chronic wounds are characterized for their incapacity to heal within an expected time frame. Potential mechanisms driving this impairment are poorly understood and current hypotheses point to the development of an unbalanced milieu of growth factor and cytokines. Among them, TGF-β is considered to promote the broadest spectrum of effects. Although it is known to contribute to healthy skin homeostasis, the highly context-dependent nature of TGF-β signaling restricts the understanding of its roles in healing and wound chronification. Historically, low TGF-β levels have been suggested as a pattern in chronic wounds. However, a revision of the available evidence in humans indicates that this could constitute a questionable argument. Thus, in chronic wounds, divergences regarding skin tissue compartments seem to be characterized by elevated TGF-β levels only in the epidermis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
SAHA
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibits class I and II HDACs by binding to the Zn2+ chelation center in the enzyme and affects processes that lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .However, in Phase II studies, SAHA has demonstrated little to no efficacy either alone or in combination with standard anti-cancer treatments. Several factors may cause the lack of HDAC response including low stability in the blood stream (two-hour elimination half-life) and an inability to accumulate adequate concentrations at the tumor site, a combination of increased drug efflux pump activity and low tumor penetration. Furthermore, the pharmacology of SAHA is particularly complex as it can act as an enzyme inducer following repeated dosing, increasing HDAC levels and may modify its own kinetics.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Single B Cell Co-Expression Networks in Lung Cancer
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is a pressing need for immunotherapy predictive biomarkers. The processes underlying B-cell dysfunction, as well as their prognostic importance in NSCLC, are unknown. This study presents novel insights on a dysregulated B cell network that promotes proliferation in epithelial cells in NSCLC. Within this network, a nine-gene signature demonstrated prognostic and predictive indications in more than 1400 NSCLC patients using their gene and protein expression profiles in bulk tumors. Multiple genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, OAS1, and CD74) differentially expressed in NSCLC B cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and tumor T cells had concordant prognostic indications at mRNA and protein expression levels. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts that frequently progress to liver cirrhosis and predominantly affects females. The key moment in the pathophysiology of the disease is loss of tolerance to PDC-E2, pyruvate subunit of the complex of dehydrogenase enzyme, located in the mitochondrial membrane. Combined genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors trigger the initial damage of the biliary epithelium in PBC, followed by the multilineage immune/inflammatory response to damaged cholangiocytes resulting in development of chronic biliary inflammatory disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bacteria-Based Cancer Treatment
Cancer refers to a disease involving abnormal cells that proliferate uncontrollably and can invade normal body tissue. It was estimated that at least 9 million patients are killed by cancer annually. Recent studies have demonstrated that bacteria play a significant role in cancer treatment and prevention. Owing to its unique mechanism of abundant pathogen-associated molecular patterns in antitumor immune responses and preferentially accumulating and proliferating within tumors, bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy has recently attracted wide attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis and Pre-Eclampsia Therapy
Iron is essential for cell survival, and iron deficiency is a known risk factor for many reproductive diseases. Paradoxically, such disorders are also more common in cases of iron overload. Here, the researchers evaluated the role of ferroptosis in women’s health, particularly focusing on pre-eclampsia (PE). PE is a multisystem disorder and is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially when the condition is of early onset. Nevertheless, the exact etiological mechanism of PE remains unclear. Interestingly, ferroptosis, as a regulated iron-dependent cell death pathway, involves a lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides and shares some characteristics with PE pathophysiology. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Platelet Concentrates
Platelet concentrates (PCs) typically refer to a group of materials produced from autologous blood designed to improve tissue regeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Guanyl Radical
Guanyl radical or neutral guanine radical G(-H)• results from the loss of a H-atom or an electron/proton (e–/H+) couple from the guanine structures (G). Guanyl radical G(-H)• exists in two tautomeric forms and its role in single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides, in DNA and G-quadruplex, attracted considerable attention since directly connected to the damage of genetic material and its biological consequences. The emerging picture is still incomplete and extrapolation of its chemistry from nucleosides to more complex environment like DNA can be misleading.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a term referring to a group of various protein-misfolding diseases wherein normally soluble proteins form aggregates as insoluble amyloid fibrils. How, or whether, amyloid fibrils contribute to tissue damage in amyloidosis has been the topic of debate. In vitro studies have demonstrated the appearance of small globular oligomeric species during the incubation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ).
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
L-Lactate
l-Lactate plays a role as a metabolic and signaling molecule, accordingly, Vaccari-Cardoso and co-workers developed a viral vector to express a modified version of lactate oxidase (LOx) originating from the bacteria Aerococcus viridans. Their results in vitro show that LOx expression in astrocytes reduced their intracellular lactate levels and its release to the extracellular space.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs in Various Diseases
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Cd34+ Stromal Cells/Telocytes
CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes (CD34+SCs/TCs) are an important interstitial, perivascular, peri/endoneurial and periadnexal cellular component in the dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose tissue) of the skin. Most CD34+ stromal cells are known to correspond to telocytes, a new cellular type identified by electron microscopy.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Stem Cell Banks
Stem cells are currently being used in many clinical trials for regenerative purposes. These are promising results for stem cells in the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. Nevertheless, there are still many variables which should be addressed before the application of stem cells for cancer treatment. One approach should be to establish well-characterized therapeutic stem cell banks to minimize the variation in results from different clinical trials and facilitate their effective use in basic and translational research. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Impact of C99 on Alzheimer’s Disease
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the “outside” of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the “inside” of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Cancers and Leukemia
Ferroptosis is a mode of cell death regulated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Grow- ing evidence suggests ferroptosis induction as a novel anti-cancer modality that could potentially overcome therapy resistance in cancers. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis are complex and highly dependent on context. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of its execution and protection machinery in each tumor type is necessary for the implementation of this unique cell death mode to target individual cancers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
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