Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Behavior Monitoring of Crustacean Aquaculture
Automatic behavior monitoring, also called automated analytics or automated reporting, is the ability of an analytics platform to auto-detect relevant insights—anomalies, trends, patterns—and deliver them to users in real time, without users having to manually explore their data to find the answers they need. An analytics platform with automated behavior monitoring uses algorithms to auto-analyze datasets to search for notable changes in data. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Control Strategies of the Major Soilborne Fungal/Oomycete Diseases
Globally, tomato is the second most cultivated vegetable crop next to potato, preferentially grown in temperate climates. Processing tomatoes are generally produced in field conditions, in which soilborne pathogens have serious impacts on tomato yield and quality by causing diseases of the tomato root system. Major processing tomato-producing countries have documented soilborne diseases caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes, which are of economic importance and may threaten food security. Surveys in the Australian processing tomato industry showed that plant growth and yield were significantly affected by soilborne pathogens, especially Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium species. Globally, different management methods have been used to control diseases such as the use of resistant tomato cultivars, the application of fungicides, and biological control. Among these methods, biocontrol has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency, target-specificity, sustainability and public acceptance. The application of biocontrol is a mix of different strategies, such as applying antagonistic microorganisms to the field, and using the beneficial metabolites synthesized by these microorganisms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ribbon Seal
The Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) (Figure 1) is a striking marine mammal known for its distinctive ribbon-like markings and elegant appearance. Found primarily in the cold waters of the North Pacific Ocean, this species is characterized by its sleek black fur with white bands or "ribbons" encircling its body. Despite its elusive nature, the Ribbon Seal plays a vital role in marine ecosystems as a top predator, feeding primarily on fish and crustaceans.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sun Bear
The Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), also known as the "honey bear," is the smallest bear species and inhabits the dense tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Recognizable by its sleek black fur, distinctive crescent-shaped chest patch, and short muzzle, the Sun bear possesses a unique adaptation: an elongated tongue ideal for extracting honey and insects from tree cavities. Despite its diminutive size, this arboreal omnivore plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems, dispersing seeds and regulating insect populations, while facing threats from habitat loss and poaching for traditional medicine and the pet trade.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Systems and Dairy Animals Improvement
Precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies have been developed with the intention to improve farm management and minimize aversive handling practices. Precision livestock farming systems could serve as useful support tools for the farmer’s decision making and improve the sustainability and competitiveness of dairy farms through the implementation of automated procedures that minimize the labour demand, animal disturbances and environmental impact.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Fermented Oat as Food Ingredients
This entry describes a study verified the safety of fermented oat (Avena sativa) when used in a dog food as part of the effort toward discovering suitable nutritionally excellent and functional food materials.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Flat-headed Cat
The Flat-headed Cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is a small and elusive felid species native to the wetlands of Southeast Asia, particularly found in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Its unique name is derived from its distinctive flattened head shape, which aids in navigating through dense vegetation and hunting aquatic prey. Despite its secretive nature, the Flat-headed Cat is classified as endangered due to habitat loss, pollution, and hunting, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this rare and elusive feline species.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi
The Kingdom of Plantae is considered the main source of human food, and includes several edible and medicinal plants, whereas mushrooms belong to the Kingdom of fungi. Higher plants and macro-fungi (mushrooms) are important species, which have many common attributes (e.g., the nutritional and medicinal ones), although they have many differences. Higher plants can form their own food (which contains chlorophyll as autotrophic) from sunlight, water, and CO2, whereas mushrooms as saprophytes can biodegrade dead organic matter by extracting enzymes. Fungi are considered, in general, decomposers, pathogens, parasites, or mutualists. There are a lot of similar characteristics between mushrooms and higher plants, but there are also many differences among them, especially from the human health point of view. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates
The effects of different types of biostimulants on crops include improving the visual quality of the final products, stimulating the immune systems of plants, inducing the biosynthesis of plant defensive biomolecules, removing heavy metals from contaminated soil, improving crop performance, reducing leaching, improving root development and seed germination, inducing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors, promoting crop establishment and increasing nutrient-use efficiency. Protein hydrolysates are mixtures of polypeptides and free amino acids resulting from enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis of agro-industrial protein by-products obtained from animal or plant origins, and they are able to alleviate environmental stress effects, improve growth, and promote crop productivity. Amino acids involve various advantages such as increased yield and yield components, increased nutrient assimilation and stress tolerance, and improved yield components and quality characteristics.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Brown Bear
The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), a formidable and iconic member of the Ursidae family, is one of the most widespread bear species, exhibiting a remarkable adaptability to diverse habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. Renowned for its distinctive hump on the shoulders, powerful build, and a range of fur colors from light brown to nearly black, the Brown Bear is a symbol of strength and resilience in the wild. This large carnivore plays a crucial role in shaping ecosystems, influencing prey populations, and contributing to the overall biodiversity of its habitats.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Viscum Species for Diet and Medicinal Purposes
True mistletoe (of the Viscum species) is a semi-parasitic, perennial browse species that is found attached to its host—a shrub or a tree. It has important pharmaceutical and chemical properties that allow it to be used for a variety of purposes, including livestock production. 
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Marine Otter
The Marine Otter, also known as Lontra felina, is a charismatic marine mammal native to the coastal regions of South America, particularly Chile and Peru. Renowned for its playful behavior and sleek appearance, the Marine Otter boasts a dense, waterproof fur coat and webbed feet, enabling it to thrive in its coastal habitat. Despite its small size and elusive nature, the Marine Otter plays a vital role in coastal ecosystems as a top predator, primarily feeding on fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biochar
Biochar, a carbon-rich material, is a by-product of pyrolysis (a thermo-chemical reaction in oxygen-depleted or oxygen-limited atmospheres). [1][2][3]
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Stress in Different Animal Species
When studying stress in animals, it is important to understand the types of stress and their classification, and how to assess the stress levels in different animal species using different matrices accurately and precisely. Among biomarkers, it is crucial to always identify the reliable ones depending on the applicability of the sample, as the markers must be highly correlated with the specific pathophysiological aspects of the particular stress. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Parent Origin and Wolves' Conflict
We researched whether the behavior of young migrating wolves (loners), after they leave the pack, resembles parent pack (PP) behavior. Fourteen loners entering the Netherlands could be identified and genetically linked to their PPs. Like their PPs, some young wolves killed sheep and were near humans, others killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep nor were they in proximity to humans. Thus, the PP behavior did predict loner’s behavior and human-wildlife conflicts may be similar between young wolves and their PPs. However, conflicts need not arise. To achieve that, new prevention methods are proposed to teach wolves in the PP not to approach sheep and humans. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving the PP.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Plant Aspartic Proteases
Proteases are an integral part of plant defense systems, with several hubs of action, from pathogen recognition and priming to the activation of plant hypersensitive response. Within this wide group of proteolytic enzymes, aspartic proteases have been implicated in several plant development functions and are gaining more prominence due to their involvement in plant–pathogen interactions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Milk Production in OECD Countries
Since the beginning of the industrialization of the dairy cattle sector (1950s), driven by the need to feed the rapidly growing urban areas, this industry has experienced several improvements, evolving in management and technology. These changes have been felt above all in the terms of milking, rearing, nutrition, reproductive management, and design of facilities. Shortage of labor, emphasis on increasing farm efficiency, and quality of life of the farmers were the driving factors for these changes. To achieve it, in many areas of the world, pasture production has been abandoned, moving to indoor production, which allows for greater nutritional and reproductive control of the animals. To keep pace with this paradigm in milk production, animal health management has also been improved. Prevention and biosecurity have become essential to control and prevent pathologies that cause great economic losses. As such, veterinary herd health management programs were created, allowing the management of health of the herd as a whole, through the common work of veterinarians and farmers.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plants Iron Deficiency
Iron is an essential element for plant growth and development. While abundant in soil, the available Fe in soil is limited. In this regard, plants have evolved a series of mechanisms for efficient iron uptake, allowing plants to better adapt to iron deficient conditions. These mechanisms include iron acquisition from soil, iron transport from roots to shoots, and iron storage in cells. The mobilization of Fe in plants often occurs via chelating with phytosiderophores, citrate, nicotianamine, mugineic acid, or in the form of free iron ions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Crabeater Seal
The Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) is a fascinating marine mammal endemic to the Antarctic region. Despite its name, this species primarily feeds on krill, using specialized teeth adapted for filtering these small crustaceans from the water. With a sleek, torpedo-shaped body and distinctive fur patterns, the Crabeater Seal is an iconic inhabitant of the icy Antarctic landscape.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Academic Video Service
Feedback