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Topic Review
Vertical Graphene Growth by PECVD
Vertical graphene, which belongs to nanomaterials, is a very promising tool for improving the useful properties of long-used and proven materials. Since the growth of vertical graphene is different on each base material and has specific deposition setting parameters, it is necessary to examine each base material separately.
  • 881
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Catalysts for Removal of Soot
Soot formation is an inevitable consequence of the combustion of carbonaceous fuels in environments rich in reducing agents. Efficient management of pollution in various contexts, such as industrial fires, vehicle engines, and similar applications, relies heavily on the subsequent oxidation of soot particles. Among the oxidizing agents employed for this purpose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide have all demonstrated effectiveness. 
  • 881
  • 12 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nano-(Q)SAR for Cytotoxicity Prediction of Engineered Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physico-chemical properties (size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, surface area, surface energy, and surface roughness), which give them beneficial characteristics. Quantitative structure-activity relationship, or QSAR, is an area of molecular modeling that studies relationships between structure and activity using mathematical statistics and machine learning methods. QSAR is efficiently used to predict toxicity of chemical substances.
  • 877
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Exposure Effects Related to Nanomaterial Life Cycles
Nanoparticle-based biosensors are produced and utilized at different scales ranging from laboratory to industrial domains. While incorporating nanomaterials is beneficial to developing high-performance biosensors, at the stages of scale-up and disposal, it may lead to the unmanaged release of toxic nanomaterials. When considering the potential environmental impact and health safety of the scaled-up production of nano biosensors, it is necessary to examine the manufacturing, utilization, and end-of-life disposal of the nanomaterials used. 
  • 877
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Microsensors for Ascorbic Acid Determination
Micro-sized sensors have become a hot topic in electroanalysis. Because of their excellent analytical features, microelectrodes are well-accepted tools for clinical, pharmaceutical, food safety, and environmental applications. Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring water-soluble organic compound with antioxidant properties and its quantitative determination in biological fluids, foods, cosmetics, etc. using electrochemical microsensors is of wide interest. Various electrochemical techniques have been applied to detect ascorbic acid with extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and reliability, and apply to in vivo measurements.
  • 876
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticle (NP)-Based Delivery Systems
Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems can be designed to take advantage of the aberrant vasculature, or an acidic or hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), to induce the release of therapeutic drugs directly in the TME, reducing off-target side effects. In the last twenty years, the discovery of novel biomaterials has dramatically impacted on the field of nanobiotechnology, such as, for example, the addition of novel stimuli-responsive polymers, which can be used to develop advanced nanostructures with the ability to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of many drugs used in oncology.
  • 875
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Capture Using Porous Silica Materials
As the primary greenhouse gas, CO2 emission has noticeably increased over the past decades resulting in global warming and climate change. Surprisingly, anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric CO2 by 50% in less than 200 years, causing more frequent and severe rainfall, snowstorms, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, and rising sea levels in recent times. Hence, reducing the excess CO2 in the atmosphere is imperative to keep the global average temperature rise below 2 °C.
  • 875
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Application of Genetic-Probe-Modified Cantilever
When the free end of a microcantilever is modified by a genetic probe, this sensor can be used for a wider range of applications, such as for chemical analysis, biological testing, pharmaceutical screening, and environmental monitoring. Genetic-probe-modified microcantilevers have achieved fruitful applications in the fields such as DNA, RNA, viruses, bacteria, proteins, and trace ions.
  • 875
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Inorganic Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Inorganics are generally used in tissue engineering as nanomaterials (nanoparticles, smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension), since materials in nanoscale can efficiently support biological responses. In particular, they can interact with the biomolecules onto the cell surface and be taken up into the cytoplasm. 
  • 874
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Clinical Applications
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become a powerful analytical technique, widely used for the detection of various analytes at low concentrations. In comparison to many other analytical methods, SERS is a highly sensitive, fast, humidity-independent analytical method with a high potential for multiplexed detection. SERS advantages over fluorescence, for instance, include good robustness/low photobleaching and capabilities for label-free detection, while SERS can be applied for in situ monitoring, in vivo biosensing, and even single molecule detection. Due to these advantages, SERS is widely used in molecular biology, biomedicine, and environmental science. Furthermore, SERS is capable of detecting single molecules Factors such as pH, the degree of nanoparticle (NP) aggregation, temperature and substrate composition can have a significant impact on the reproducibility and enhancement of SERS applications.
  • 874
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heteroatom-Doped Metal-Free Carbon Nanomaterials
In comparison to the undoped carbon nanomaterials, heteroatoms such as nitrogen-, sulphur-, boron-, phosphorous-, etc., incorporated nanomaterials have become well-accepted as potential electrocatalysts in water splitting, supercapacitors and dye-sensitized solar cells. 
  • 873
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Head/Neck Cancers
Early diagnosis of head and neck cancer (HNC) is a significant clinical concern and, due to a lack of signs, just one-third of HNC patients are diagnosed at an early stage. Functional nanomaterials are appearing as versatile systems in nanomedicine, particularly in the field of biomedical imaging and treatment. Various surface chemistries, peculiar magnetic properties, tunable excitation and fluorescence properties, and recent developments in the design and synthesis of different nanoparticles indicate their high potential.
  • 871
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polypyrrole-Based Metal Nanocomposite Electrode Materials
Metallic nanostructures (MNs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) play a pivotal role by articulating their significance in high-performance supercapacitors along with conducting polymers (CPs). The interaction and synergistic pseudocapacitive effect of MNs with CPs have contributed to enhance the specific capacitance and cyclic stability. Among various conjugated heterocyclic CPs, polypyrrole (PPy) (prevalently knows as “synthetic metal”) is exclusively studied because of its excellent physicochemical properties, ease of preparation, flexibility in surface modifications, and unique molecular structure–property relationships. Numerous researchers attempted to improve the low electronic conductivity of MNs and MOFs, by incorporating conducting PPy and/or used decoration strategy. This was succeeded by fine-tuning this objective, which managed to get outstanding supercapacitive performances.
  • 870
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery
Nanotechnology in Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery deals with the application of materials based on nanometer scale to the recovery of difficult-to-access oil from reservoirs. Additional recoveries (after brine flooding) up to 15% of the original oil in place, or higher when combined with smart water or magnetic fields, have been found with formulations consisting of simple nanoparticles in water or brine. The functionalization of nanoparticles and their combination with surfactants and/or polymers take advantage of the synergy of different EOR methods and can lead to higher additional recoveries. The cost, difficulty of preparation, and stability of the formulations are problems that face practical applications.
  • 869
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Particle Immobilization Strategy
The coating of particles or decomposable cores with polyelectrolytes via Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly creates free-standing LbL-coated functional particles. Due to the numerous functions that their polymers can bestow, the particles are preferentially selected for a plethora of applications, including, but not limited to coatings, cargo-carriers, drug delivery vehicles and fabric enhancements. The number of publications discussing the fabrication and usage of LbL-assembled particles has consistently increased. The shape of the LbL particle is related to the particle core, whereas the charge was dependant on the outermost polyelectrolyte in the multilayer coating. The polyelectrolytes also determine the type of bonding that a particle can form with a solid surface. These can be via either physical (non-covalent) or chemical (covalent) bonds; the latter enforcing a stronger immobilization. 
  • 869
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Biological Extracts
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are especially interesting due to properties such as optical polarizability, electrical conductivity, photocatalysis and antimicrobial activity, which makes them useful for many applications in areas from electronics to pharmaceutics.
  • 868
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Different Facets of Triclocarban
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine yielded a novel chemistry of antimicrobials. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs. Among these, the triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, was employed as a major ingredient of toys, clothing, food packaging materials, food industry floors, medical supplies, and especially of personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. Triclocarban has been widely used for over 50 years, but only recently some concerns were raised about its endocrine disruptive properties. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in over-the-counter hand and body washes because of its toxicity. The withdrawal of triclocarban has prompted the efforts to search for new antimicrobial compounds and several analogues of triclocarban have also been studied. In this review, an examination of different facets of triclocarban and its analogues will be analyzed.
  • 867
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers
Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as a captivating medium for crafting structures with biomedical applications. Spinning methods have garnered substantial attention in the context of medical applications and neural tissue engineering, ultimately leading to the production of polymer fibers. In comparison with polymer microfibers, polymer nanofibers boasting nanometer-scale diameters offer significantly larger surface areas, facilitating enhanced surface functionalization.
  • 866
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
FAuNPs on Bacterial Colonization
This work reports the design and development of a green synthesis route for flavonoid-AuNPs (FAuNPs) which were successfully tested in vitro and in vivo against bacterial colonization. 
  • 866
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Engineering of Graphene
For space applications, graphene is used mainly in combination with metals or polymers, giving rise to nanocomposites where the graphene insertion greatly influences the features of the host matrix. The engineering of graphene-based composites and the design of materials with the on-demand combination of tailored properties are therefore a primary goal of space-related technologies. The unusual combination of mechanical, electrical, electronic, optical, and thermal properties of graphene have led to a focus on great efforts in the set-up of techniques for the mass-production of graphene-like nanostructures that are able to offer solutions to a variety of technological problems.
  • 865
  • 15 Feb 2023
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