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Topic Review
Silicosis
Silicosis is a devastating interstitial lung disease characterized by silicon nodules and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. It is a severe occupational hazard disease worldwide caused by long-term inhalation of crystalline-free silica dust in the workplaces (referred to as silica after this). Programmed cell death (PCD) refers to an active cell death process to maintain the internal environment’s stability after receiving a specific signal or stimulating factors.
  • 843
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
NF-ĸB Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with no effective treatment option. A predominant hallmark of PDAC is the intense fibro-inflammatory stroma which not only physically collapses vasculature but also functionally suppresses anti-tumor immunity. Constitutive and induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factors in neoplastic cells, stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells is a major mechanism that drives inflammation in PDAC. While targeting this pathway is widely supported as a promising therapeutic strategy, clinical success is elusive due to a lack of safe and effective anti-NF-κB pathway therapeutics. 
  • 841
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Thrombosis Models
Occlusions in the blood vessels caused by blood clots, referred to as thrombosis, and the subsequent outcomes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models of thrombosis have advanced the understanding of the complex pathways involved in its development and allowed the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for its management.
  • 840
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Family in Cancer
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in several diseases, including cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies in NB patients convergently indicate that MIF exerts pro-tumorigenic properties in NB. MIF is upregulated in NB tumor tissues and cell lines and it contributes to NB aggressiveness and immune-escape. 
  • 835
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sex-Specific Medicine in Human Physiopathology
A prodigious increment of scientific evidence in both preclinical and clinical studies is narrowing a major gap in knowledge regarding sex-specific biological responses observed in numerous branches of clinical practices. Some paradigmatic examples include neurodegenerative and mental disorders, immune-related disorders such as pathogenic infections and autoimmune diseases, oncologic conditions, and cardiovascular morbidities. The male-to-female proportion in a population is expressed as sex ratio and varies eminently with respect to the pathophysiology, natural history, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates.
  • 830
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of systemic disorders threatening human health with complex pathogenesis, among which mitochondrial energy metabolism reprogramming has a critical role. Mitochondria are cell organelles that fuel the energy essential for biochemical reactions and maintain normal physiological functions of the body. Mitochondrial metabolic disorders are extensively involved in the progression of CVD, especially for energy-demanding organs such as the heart. Therefore, elucidating the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the progression of CVD is of great significance to further understand the pathogenesis of CVD and explore preventive and therapeutic methods.
  • 826
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
AMD and the Complement System
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and it is the leading cause of blindness affecting elderly in the Western world. AMD is a complex disease that has strong associations with the complement system. All three initiating complement pathways may be relevant in CNV formation, but most evidence indicates a major role for the alternative pathway (AP) and for the terminal complement complex, as well as certain complement peptides generated upon complement activation. Since the complement system is associated with AMD and CNV, a complement inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for patients with wAMD. The aim of the review is to (i) reflect on the possible complement targets in the context of wAMD pathology, (ii) investigate the results of prior clinical trials with complement inhibitors for wAMD patients, and (iii) outline important considerations when developing a future strategy for the treatment of wAMD.
  • 824
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontics
 A total of 51 articles were included for evaluation: 27 laboratory studies, 14 reviews, and 10 clinical studies. Laboratory studies show that aPDT achieves significant bacterial elimination, even against antibiotic-resistant species, and is also effective in biofilm disruption. Clinical studies suggest that aPDT can be considered a promising technique to reduce bacterial complications, and reviews about the issue confirm its advantages. Conclusion: The benefits of aPDT in reducing complications due to its antibacterial effects means a possible decrease in systemic antibiotic prescription in endodontics. In addition, it could be an alternative to local intracanal antibiotic therapy, avoiding the appearance of possible antibiotic resistance, as no bacterial resistance with aPDT has been described to date
  • 824
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune system and Arterial Hypertension
It is well-accepted that immune system and some cells from adaptive and innate immunity are necessary for the initiation/perpetuation of arterial hypertension (AH). However, whether neutrophils are part of this group remains debatable. There are evidences showing that neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio correlates with AH and is higher in non-dipper patients. On the other hand, the experimental neutrophil depletion in mice reduces basal blood pressure, nevertheless, their participation in AH is still controversial. Apparently, neutrophils may modulate the microenvironment in blood vessels by increasing oxidative stress favor the endothelial disfunction. In addition, neutrophils may contribute to the tissue infiltration of immune cells, secreting chemoattractant chemokines/cytokines and promoting the pro-inflammatory phenotype driving to the AH development. In this work, we discuss the potential role of neutrophils in AH by analyzing different mechanisms proposed from clinical and basic studies, with a perspective upon cardiovascular and renal damages relating to the hypertensive phenotype.
  • 823
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PITX2-Dependent Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms
The paired-related homeobox gene (PITX2) has been considered to be a potential gene that may trigger AF risk variants on chromosome 4q25and two SNPs (rs2200733 and rs10033464) in chromosome 4q25 were reported. Although various advanced technologies have been developed, their effectiveness is limited and existing treatment regimens are rarely curative.
  • 823
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Swine Coronaviruses and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
The swine coronaviruses replicate in the cellular cytoplasm exerting a wide variety of effects on cells. Some of these effects are particularly pertinent to cell pathology, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis.
  • 820
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Tumor Heterogeneity in Sézary Syndrome
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive variant of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes—the SS cells—mainly in blood, lymph nodes, and skin. The tumor spread pattern of SS makes this lymphoma a unique model of disease that allows a concurrent blood and skin sampling for analysis.
  • 819
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Supportive Therapies of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
The management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has made considerable progress both regarding supportive and pharmacologic therapies. Lung protective mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of ARDS management. ARDS therapies have remained supportive, concentrating on the concept of protective mechanical ventilation strategies with the aim of mitigating ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Lung protective ventilation is standard practice, but the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and prone positioning are rescue strategies.
  • 818
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults and is almost invariably fatal. Despite our growing understanding of the various mechanisms underlying treatment failure, the standard-of-care therapy has not changed over the last two decades, signifying a great unmet need.
  • 816
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
ONFH in Patients with Hypercoagulability
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating disease with major social and economic impacts. It frequently affects relatively young adults and has a predilection for rapid progression to femoral head collapse and end-stage hip arthritis. If not diagnosed and treated properly in the early stages, ONFH has devastating consequences and leads to mandatory total hip arthroplasty. The pathophysiology of non-traumatic ONFH is very complex and not fully understood. While multiple risk factors have been associated with secondary ONFH, there are still many cases in which a clear etiology cannot be established. Recognition of the prothrombotic state as part of the etiopathogeny of primary ONFH provides an opportunity for early medical intervention, with implications for both prophylaxis and therapy aimed at slowing or stopping the progression of the disease. Hereditary thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis are associated with thrombotic occlusion of bone vessels. Anticoagulant treatment can change the natural course of the disease and improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 816
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Thermogenic Adipocytes in Obesity Therapy
There is a rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy, whereas brown and beige adipose tissues consume energy to generate heat in the process of thermogenesis. Adaptive thermogenesis occurs in response to environmental cues as a means of generating heat by dissipating stored chemical energy. Due to its cumulative nature, very small differences in energy expenditure from adaptive thermogenesis can have a significant impact on systemic metabolism over time. Targeting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and converting WAT to beige fat as a method to increase energy expenditure is one of the promising strategies to combat obesity.
  • 816
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Periostin Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
The involvement of periostin (POSTN) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) migration, invasion, and its underlying mechanisms has not been well established. POSTN mRNA expression in the dissected lung cancer cells was confirmed by laser capture microdissection and real-time PCR. A549 cells were used for transfecting shRNA-POSTN lentiviral particles. Wound healing and Transwell invasion assays were used to assess the migratory and invasive abilities of A549 cells transfected with POSTN-specific short hairpin (sh)RNA.
  • 816
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polycythaemia Vera
Polycythaemia Vera (PV) is a BCR-ABL1-negative MPN characterized by the clonal proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in an increased production of morphologically normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, although erythrocytosis most often predominates. The disorder is most common in those aged 50–70 years, with an incidence that increases with older age. Patients diagnosed with PV have a shorter survival compared to the age-matched general population, with a median survival of 13.5 years, due to an increased predisposition for thrombosis as well as transformation to myelofibrosis (post-PV myelofibrosis, estimated to occur in 10% of patients with PV) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, estimated to occur in 15% of patients with PV).
  • 814
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Replication Timing
The replication-timing program regulates when the replication origins are activated and when different parts of the genome are replicated during the S-phase. This program also participates to the genome organization.
  • 811
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Factors Foster Resilience to HIV/AIDS
Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) have been disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS health disparities. Research showed that resilience to HIV/AIDS is associated with increased use of relevant health services, lower sexual health risks, and improved mental health outcomes among racially and ethnically diverse gbMSM. As the subpopulation that has historically been impacted by HIV/AIDS the longest, older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS have inarguably exhibited resilience to HIV/AIDS the most. The qualitative study described in this paper sought to identify and examine protective factors that fostered resilience to HIV/AIDS based on the insights and lived experiences of racially and ethnically diverse, older gbMSM. Applying a community-based participatory research approach that included the meaningful involvement of older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS in different roles (i.e., advisory committee member, collaborator, peer researcher, and participant), the study recruited and included forty-one older gbMSM living with HIV/AIDS from Ontario, Canada, in confidential, semi-structured interviews. Utilizing thematic analysis, we identified three major themes from the participant interviews as factors that fostered the resilience of older gbMSM to HIV/AIDS and helped to address HIV/AIDS health disparities: (1) established protective factors, (2) behavioral protective factors, and (3) controversial protective factors. This paper argues for the importance of valuing and capitalizing on these protective factors in the conceptualization and development of interventions, services, and programs that are dedicated to fostering resilience to HIV/AIDS. 
  • 809
  • 20 Aug 2021
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