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Topic Review
HCMV Latency
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes both latent (where the virus is maintained in an absence of the production of infectious virions) and lytic (during primary infection and reactivation) phases of infection. The study of latency has been historically more difficult to study than that of lytic infection due to the relative quiescence of the virus in host cells and the limited cell types that support HCMV latency. With the advent of engineered HCMV viruses which express fluorescent tags that enable latently infected cells to be detected and isolated, it has been possible to analyse latently infected cells in much greater detail. In this article, we review studies which have used such systems to analyse and interrogate the latency associated proteome. These have led to the identification of cellular proteins and pathways important for latency and, consequently, potential therapeutic intervention drugs based on a greater understanding of latent infection.
  • 890
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
α Cell in Diabetes Pathogenesis
The involvement of impaired alpha (α) cell function has been recognized as playing an essential role in several diseases, since hyperglucagonemia has been evidenced in both Type 1 and T2DM. This phenomenon has been attributed to intra-islet defects, like modifications in pancreatic α cell mass or dysfunction in glucagon’s secretion. Emerging evidence has shown that chronic hyperglycaemia provokes changes in the Langerhans’ islets cytoarchitecture, including α cell hyperplasia, pancreatic beta (β) cell dedifferentiation into glucagon-positive producing cells, and loss of paracrine and endocrine regulation due to β cell mass loss. Other abnormalities like α cell insulin resistance, sensor machinery dysfunction, or paradoxical ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) opening have also been linked to glucagon hypersecretion. 
  • 889
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Infection in Children
A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens’ lungs.
  • 888
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating diseases and results in severe motor and sensory dysfunction below the level of injury.
  • 887
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Proteomic Analysis of tPVAT during Ang II Infusion
In this study, we provided the most comprehensive proteome profile of mice tPVAT and some novel insights into Ang II-mediated tPVAT dysfunction. We identified some novel proteins, potentially associated with Ang II infusion, such as acyl-CoA carboxylase α , very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSVL), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), perilipin, RAS protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 (RasGRF2), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1 α ). Importantly, the key pathways were involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, FABP3-PPAR α / γ , RasGRF2-ERK-HIF-1 α , RasGRF2-PKC-HIF-1 α , and STAT3-HIF-1 α axis.
  • 887
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
AMD and the Complement System
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and it is the leading cause of blindness affecting elderly in the Western world. AMD is a complex disease that has strong associations with the complement system. All three initiating complement pathways may be relevant in CNV formation, but most evidence indicates a major role for the alternative pathway (AP) and for the terminal complement complex, as well as certain complement peptides generated upon complement activation. Since the complement system is associated with AMD and CNV, a complement inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for patients with wAMD. The aim of the review is to (i) reflect on the possible complement targets in the context of wAMD pathology, (ii) investigate the results of prior clinical trials with complement inhibitors for wAMD patients, and (iii) outline important considerations when developing a future strategy for the treatment of wAMD.
  • 885
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and the Gastrointestinal Tract
In patients with gastrointestinal comorbidities, a careful monitoring of baseline pathologies and drug-related toxicities and interactions must be closely surveilled, given that the exact expected prognostic significance of the intersectionality of COVID-19 disease and different gastrointestinal pathologies remains to be fully understood.
  • 883
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Climate Changes and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe
Ticks, which belong to the phyllum Arthropoda, are blood-skin ectoparasitic vectors, characterized by the variety of pathogens they transmit, by their effect on both human and animal health, and by their worldwide socioeconomic involvement. Climate change has influenced the transmission of a wide range of vector-born diseases in Europe, which is a pressing public health change for the coming decades. Numerous theories have been developed in order to explain how tick-borne diseases are associated with cliamte change. These theories include higher poliferation rates, extended transmission  season, changes in ecological balances, and climate-related migration of vectors, reservoir hosts, or human populations.Changes of epidemiological pattern have potentially catastrophic consequences, resulting in increasing prevalence of tick-born diseases.
  • 882
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Local Oscillatory Brain Dynamics
A number of studies have focused on brain dynamics underlying mind wandering (MW) states in healthy people. However, there is limited understanding of how the oscillatory dynamics accompanying MW states and task-focused states are characterized in clinical populations.
  • 881
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in an age-dependent manner, partly because life expectancy has increased in recent years due to our advanced medical knowledge. The most prevalent of NDDs includes Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), prion diseases (PrD) and others.
  • 880
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation-Associated Metabolic Remodeling during CVB3-Induced Myocarditis
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a well-studied virus that has been identified as a causal agent of myocarditis in various models, along with other viruses such as adenovirus, parvovirus B19, and SARS-CoV-2.
  • 877
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
NF-ĸB Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with no effective treatment option. A predominant hallmark of PDAC is the intense fibro-inflammatory stroma which not only physically collapses vasculature but also functionally suppresses anti-tumor immunity. Constitutive and induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factors in neoplastic cells, stromal fibroblasts, and immune cells is a major mechanism that drives inflammation in PDAC. While targeting this pathway is widely supported as a promising therapeutic strategy, clinical success is elusive due to a lack of safe and effective anti-NF-κB pathway therapeutics. 
  • 874
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Application of Proteomics in Optic Nerve Injury Diseases
Optic nerve damage is a common cause of blindness. Optic nerve injury is often accompanied by fundus vascular disease, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, and changes in retinal thickness. These changes can cause alterations in protein expression within neurons in the retina. Proteomics analysis offers conclusive evidence to decode a biological system. Optic nerve damage can significantly reduce the vision of patients, thereby having a serious impact on their daily lives and their families. In clinical practice, optic nerve injury is mainly diagnosed by optical tomography (OCT) detection and by fundus angiography. 
  • 869
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Molecular, pathological mechanisms of ALD principally root in the innate immunity system and are especially associated with enhanced functionality of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB is an interesting and convoluted DNA transcription regulator, promoting both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Thus, the abundancy of studies in recent years underlines the importance of NF-κB in inflammatory responses and the mechanistic stimulation of inner molecular motifs within the factor components. 
  • 868
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Pathotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae
Currently available genomic information is useful for molecular identification of pathological types.
  • 867
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Domain Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament’s (ACL) mechanics is an important factor governing the ligament’s integrity and, hence, the knee joint’s response. Despite many investigations in this area, the cause and effect of injuries remain unclear or unknown. This may be due to the complexity of the direct link between macro- and micro-scale damage mechanisms. In the first part of this investigation, a three-dimensional coarse-grained model of collagen fibril (type I) was developed using a bottom-up approach to investigate deformation mechanisms under tensile testing. 
  • 866
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle in vivo Application
This is an entry on the in vivo therapeutic applications of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived Extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). The immunomodulatory and regenarative properties of this cell free product will be analyzed in preclinical aniomal models of immune-mediated diseases (graft versus host disease) and orga injury (lung, kidney, skin)
  • 865
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Thrombosis Models
Occlusions in the blood vessels caused by blood clots, referred to as thrombosis, and the subsequent outcomes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In vitro and in vivo models of thrombosis have advanced the understanding of the complex pathways involved in its development and allowed the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for its management.
  • 864
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Asthma Endotypes and Phenotypes
Asthma is considered an umbrella diagnosis comprising various distinct manifestations and mechanisms. The precise definition of these endotypes and subgroups is crucial for asthma management due to therapeutic and prognostic implications.  A reductionist research approach to asthma complexity may explain the lack of translation of genomic findings into clinical practice to date, despite the abundance of low-to-modest effect genetic loci revealed by genomic studies of asthma. Shifting asthma diagnosis to specific endotypes and phenotypes  may provide insights into features that can be prevented or alleviated by therapeutic intervention.
  • 863
  • 04 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Silicosis
Silicosis is a devastating interstitial lung disease characterized by silicon nodules and diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. It is a severe occupational hazard disease worldwide caused by long-term inhalation of crystalline-free silica dust in the workplaces (referred to as silica after this). Programmed cell death (PCD) refers to an active cell death process to maintain the internal environment’s stability after receiving a specific signal or stimulating factors.
  • 861
  • 06 Aug 2021
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