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Topic Review
Time-resolved Spectroscopy
In physics and physical chemistry, time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques. Most often, processes are studied after the illumination of a material occurs, but in principle, the technique can be applied to any process that leads to a change in properties of a material. With the help of pulsed lasers, it is possible to study processes that occur on time scales as short as 10−16 seconds.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Biography
Quentin Dastugue
Quentin D. Dastugue (born December 31, 1955) is a founding partner and the chief executive officer of the New Orleans-based real estate firm Property One, Inc., and a former four-term member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Dastugue (pronounced DAS TOOG) was elected as a Democrat to the state House in 1979 and 1983 as the District 82 representative for suburban Jefferson Parish. In 198
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Liver Support Systems
Liver support systems are therapeutic devices to assist in performing the functions of the liver in persons with liver damage. The primary functions of the liver include removing toxic substances from the blood, manufacturing blood proteins, storing energy in the form of glycogen, and secreting bile. The hepatocytes that perform these tasks can be killed or impaired by disease, resulting in hepatic insufficiency. A sudden onset of life-threatening hepatic insufficiency is known as acute liver failure (ALF). In hyperacute and acute liver failure the clinical picture develops rapidly with progressive encephalopathy and multiorgan dysfunction such as hyperdynamic circulation, coagulopathy, acute kidney injury and respiratory insufficiency, severe metabolic alterations and cerebral edema that can lead to brain death. In these cases the mortality without liver transplantation (LTx) ranges between 40-80%. LTx is the only effective treatment for these patients although it requires a precise indication and timing to achieve good results. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of organs to carry out liver transplantations, it is estimated that one third of patients with ALF die while waiting to be transplanted. On the other hand, a patient with a chronic hepatic disease can suffer an acute decompensation of liver function following a precipitating event such as variceal bleeding, sepsis and excessive alcohol intake among others that can lead to a condition referred to as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event. LTx is the only treatment that has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with most severe cases of ALF. Nevertheless, cost and donor scarcity have prompted researchers to look for new supportive treatments that can act as “bridge” to the transplant procedure. By stabilizing the patient's clinical state, or by creating the right conditions that could allow the recovery of native liver functions, both detoxification and synthesis can improve, after an episode of ALF or ACLF. Basically, three different types of supportive therapies have been developed: bio-artificial, artificial and hybrid liver support systems (Table 2). Bio-artificial liver support systems are experimental extracorporeal devices that use living cell lines to provide detoxification and synthesis support to the failing liver. Bio-artificial liver (BAL) Hepatassist 2000 uses porcine hepatocytes11 whereas ELAD system employs hepatocytes derived from human hepatoblastoma C3A cell lines.9, Both techniques can produce, in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy grade and biochemical parameters. Nevertheless, they are therapies with high complexity that require a complex logistic approach for implementation; a very high cost and possible inducement of important side effects such as immunological issues (porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission), infectious complications and tumor transmigration have been documented. Other biological hepatic systems are Bioartificial Liver Support (BLSS)12 and Radial Flow Bioreactor (RFB).15 Detoxification capacity of these systems is poor and therefore they must be used combined with other systems to mitigate this deficiency. Today its use is limited to centers with high experience in their application. Artificial liver support systems are aimed to temporally replace native liver detoxification functions and they use albumin as scavenger molecule to clear the toxins involved in the physiopathology of the failing liver. Most of the toxins that accumulate in the plasma of patients with liver insufficiency are protein bound, and therefore conventional renal dialysis techniques, such as hemofiltration, hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration are not able to adequately eliminate them. Between the different albumin dialysis modalities, single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) has shown some positive results at a very high cost; it has been proposed that lowering the concentration of albumin in the dialysate does not seem to affect the detoxification capability of the procedure. Nevertheless, the most widely used systems today are based on hemodialysis and adsorption. These systems use conventional dialysis methods with an albumin containing dialysate that is later regenerated by means of adsorption columns, filled with activated charcoal and ion exchange resins. At present, there are two artificial extracorporeal liver support systems: the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS)10 from Gambro and Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (FPSA), commercialised as Prometheus (PROM) from Fresenius Medical Care.13 Of the two therapies, MARS is the most frequently studied, and clinically used system to date.
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  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of AMD Sempron Microprocessors
The Sempron is a name used for AMD's low-end CPUs, replacing the Duron processor. The name was introduced in 2004, and processors with this name continued to be available for the FM2/FM2+ socket in 2015.
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  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of AMD Athlon 64 Microprocessors
The Athlon 64 microprocessor from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is an eighth-generation central processing unit (CPU). Athlon 64 is targeted at the consumer market.
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  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Surface Laptop 3
The Surface Laptop 3 is a laptop computer developed by Microsoft. It is the third generation of Surface Laptop and was unveiled alongside the Surface Pro 7 and Surface Pro X on an event on 2 October 2019. It succeeds the Surface Laptop 2 that was released in October 2018. Surface Laptop 3 keeps the same form and design, but with an addition of a USB C port, improved battery life, an AMD CPU for the 15 inch model, a first for a surface device. Microsoft opted for an aluminum finish as an option for some models alongside the traditional Alcantara fabric covering. The device runs Windows 10 Home. The devices' display are the same as the previous models. The 13.5 inch model comes with a 2256 x 1504 resolution and the 15 inch model comes with a 2496 x 1664 resolution. Both models have the same 3:2 aspect ratio and 201 ppi. The Surface Laptop 3 13.5 inch model starts at $1,000 and goes up to $2,400. The 15 inch model starts at $1,200 and goes up to $2,800.
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  • 21 Oct 2022
Biography
Michael A. Jackson
Michael Anthony Jackson (born 16 February 1936) is a British computer scientist, and independent computing consultant in London, England. He is also a visiting research professor at the Open University in the United Kingdom .[1] Born in Birmingham to Montagu M. Jackson and Bertha (Green) Jackson, Jackson was educated at Harrow School in Harrow, London, England. There he was taught by Christop
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Watersheds
A watershed is defined by natural topographic boundaries as an ecosystem of integrated terrestrial and aquatic systems, rather than the political boundaries, in which all of the incoming precipitation and snowmelt are collected into the stream reaches while a river basin is an area of land drained by a river, its tributaries and watersheds.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Biography
John Findley Wallace
John Findley Wallace (September 10, 1852 – July 3, 1921) with the middle name Findley not Findlay,[1] was an American Engineer and Administrator, best known for serving as the Chief Engineer of the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1906. He had previously gained experience in railroad construction in the American Midwest.[2] John Findley Wallace was born, September 10, 1852, in Fall River, Mass
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  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Dora Dougherty Strother
Dr. Dora Jean Dougherty Strother (also known as Dora Dougherty McKeown and/or Dora Strother McKeown; November 27, 1921 – November 19, 2013),[1][2] was best known as a Woman Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) and B-29 Superfortress demonstration pilot. She was a U.S. military pilot, human factors engineer with Bell Aircraft, instructor at the University of Illinois and helicopter test pilot for Bel
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
UDOO
UDOO is a single-board computer with an integrated Arduino Due compatible microcontroller, designed for computer science education, the world of Makers and the Internet of Things. The product was launched on Kickstarter in April 2013, reaching wide consensus. "The product line involves three single board computers – UDOO QUAD/DUAL (2013), UDOO NEO (2015), UDOO X86 (2016) – that differ over various aspects, plus the UDOO BLU and the set of UDOO BRICKS." UDOO is a development platform that merges a Dual or Quad Core ARM Freescale Cortex-A9 i.MX 6 CPU, that can run Linux or Android operating systems, and an Arduino Due compatible board with a dedicated ARM Atmel SAM3X8E CPU. UDOO is a joint effort of AIDILAB srl and SECO USA Inc, from an idea of Antonio Rizzo, Maurizio Caporali and Daniele Conti, born in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of researchers with expertise in interaction design, embedded systems, sensor networks and cognitive science.
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  • 31 Oct 2022
Biography
Charles Duncan Jr.
Charles William Duncan Jr. (born September 9, 1926) is an American entrepreneur, administrator, and politician best known for serving as U.S. Secretary of Energy on the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter from 1979 to 1981. He had previously served as Carter's United States Deputy Secretary of Defense during the Iranian Revolution. Earlier, Duncan had run the family business, Duncan Coffee Company
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Biography
Berry L. Cannon
Berry Louis Cannon (March 22, 1935 – February 17, 1969)[1][2][3] was an United States of America aquanaut who served on the SEALAB II and III projects of the U.S. Navy. Cannon died of carbon dioxide poisoning while attempting to repair SEALAB III. It was later found that his diving rig's baralyme canister, which should have absorbed the carbon dioxide Cannon exhaled, was empty.[4] Born Marc
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lithium as an Investment
In 2020, Lithium has been included in the list for Critical global elements critical metal, and will be one of the drivers of the fourth industrial revolution. Lithium company stocks on the worldwide exchanges have rallied from the end of 2020 and through 2021 with many Lithium Explorers/Developers/Producer miners' share prices' rising 1000% to 6000% within 12 months on the ASX: the Australian Securities Stock Exchange. Stocks are expected to continue to rally as a shortfall deficit of Lithium supply world-wide is expected from beginning of 2022. The Battery-grade Lithium deficit is expected to persist to an incredible 2030, as there are not enough mines coming online to supply the demand in EV Batteries & Energy Storage systems to 2030. This makes Lithium a highly lucrative commodity to invest into, the term entered a "Lithium commodities Super-cycle" has been used by industry commentators during 2021 to describe the event, also the term "A Once in a Century" event is occurring in 2021 and will persist till new Energy technologies come online to replace Lithium Batteries, this is not expected till after 2040 as there are no technologies that will be suitable for the diversity of applications for Lithium Energy storage systems. Lithium carbonate prices have made a resurgence from 2019-2020 all time lows, rising some 500% as of 21/11/2021 trading at US$29,000/tonne, Lithium Carbonate/Lithium Hydroxide is a Lithium chemical compound also known as LCE(Lithium Carbonate Equivalent) and is used as a Precursor in the manufacture of Cathode Cells for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. As a result and along with major Governmental new energy policies in 2020, in preparation to the fazing out of fossil fuels & reductions in carbon emissions vehicles & coal power, has kick-started a flurry of renewed investments & Joint Ventures/acquisitions between Miners & Strategic major investor companies throughout the world. Recently the world saw the COP26: Climate Change Summit for Action in Glasgow during November 2021. The agreements signed by all countries involved, has accelerated the action towards renewables adoption & the reforestation among other items & actions. Lithium will play a key & critical role towards the reduction of Carbon emissions, "1.5ToStayAlive" "1.5toSurvive" slogans for maintaining the critical 1.5 degrees & the storage of renewables clean green energy, harnessed from the sustainable wind, solar & hydropower, also tidal. Also big on the COP26 agenda was the fazing out of coal all-together. Lithium is an essential mineral that goes into the manufacture of electric batteries (Lithium-ion battery: portable electronics, EV and renewable ESS). Lithium supply is expected to fall short of the demand for this metal by 2022. Demand/supply discrepancy "the Great divide" ratio has been witnessed in July 2021 when the BMX Spot price Platform went live and the price for Lithium Spodumene Concentrate 6% (SC6) reached a record price of US$1,400/tonne, rising from its lowest of US$395/tonne in September 2020. Today SC6 price(21 November 2021) trades at US$2,550/tonne, Australia's Pilbara Minerals, the company that developed the BMX Spot Sales Platform are commended for this initiative with Ken Brinson, CEO, saying the price for Spodumene Concentrate 6% is now transparent to the market making it a fairer playing field for the Miners and the Chemical Converter Customers. Governments are adopting the New Energy Lithium Technology rapidly as the pressure to meet the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon emissions reductions. Major Car Manufacturers are planning on a large line-up of new Electric Vehicles by 2025, in what's called the "EV Revolution". The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is driving the increasing demand for lithium, significant amounts of lithium supply will need to be brought online to meet this demand growth to 2030 and beyond. The situation is seen as critical as the world depends on Lithium. A new technology in the extraction of Lithium from Geothermal brine, the extraction method is called DLE-Direct Lithium Extraction and if/when the technology succeeds in "scale" it will be celebrated as it will help alleviate the pressure on the tight Lithium supply, the technology is not expected for another 4-5 yrs(2025/26) if not longer. See Start-ups Vulcan Energies(ASX:VUL) & Lilac Solutions(USA) for their efforts in DLE. Pond evaporation extraction Technology is considered old & expected to be obsolete as it conflicts with a world turning towards ESG(Environmental Social & Governance) compliance in mining/extractive practices. Products that reduce carbon emissions, including electric batteries, are globally expected to create a $23 Trillion market over the next decade to 2030. Lithium is considered a superior lightweight metal element for its electrochemical properties as a charge carrier in the electric battery, currently there is no known replacement element to achieve such effective performance for automotive battery applications. According to Volkswagen, in the near future lithium will be one of the most sought-after raw metals on earth. Forecasted EV battery demand growth is driving the need to significantly increase battery production globally. Major battery manufacturers have already committed $175Billion by the start of 2021. Even though a significant amount of capital has already been committed, further investment is expected, to satisfy the forecasted growing supply chain demand of batteries to 2030. There has been a trend already with lithium chemicals compounds producing companies, battery manufacturer companies and even major car manufacturers investing or partnering with raw material suppliers/miners. Large investments are flowing into the lithium supply chain from established majors. Companies with partnerships or joint ventures will be more resilient in the long run. Major car manufacturers' plans to spend over $300 billion are being invested and forecasted over the next 4 (2025) to 10 years (2030) during the adoption of electric vehicles (EV). Automakers’ plans to spend at least $300 billion on EVs are driven largely by environmental concerns and government policy for GHG reduction and supported by rapid technological advances that have improved battery cost, range and charging time. Since 2018, we have seen an accelerated rate of industry spending especially through 2020. Most importantly, with the global push for sustainable and low carbon footprint mining, processing and manufacturing, where will the lithium that is ESG sustainably sourced with a GHG low-carbon footprint come from. Necessary to feed the burgeoning energy storage needs for the growing transport and military sector; electronic consumer requirements; and in particular the domestic & commercial automotive supply chain where investment spending and forecasts are $US400 to $US500 billion . Both the drive to decarbonize and the 4IR depend on critical minerals like lithium. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR or Industry 4.0) has been defined as technological developments in cyber-physical systems such as high capacity connectivity; new human-machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing (additive manufacturing); the Internet of Things (IoT); “big data” and cloud computing; artificial intelligence-based systems; improvements to and the uptake of Off-Grid / Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems: solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric and the Lithium-ion electric batteries (for renewable ESS and EV). Speculation in lithium compounds used as feedstocks for major applications. The main intermediates are lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, and these are the commodities that the LME has chosen as the most appropriate to establish reference pricing. Speculators hope to make a viable play on a perceived growth in demand for lithium metal due to the widespread adoption of lithium batteries in emerging technologies. Lithium batteries have become a preferred power source for energy-hungry devices such as cell phones because they are more efficient and scalable than previous-generation nickel-metal hydride batteries thus they are in high demand in support of automobile and electronics manufacturing. Factors that could result in limitations affecting overall lithium supply are seen by some as prescient; with predicted supply chain volatility potentially overpowering other market factors and becoming the primary price driver, essentially resulting in a seller's market and thereby making the metal a profitable investment.
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  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Eryx (Missile)
Eryx is a short-range portable SACLOS-based wire-guided anti-tank missile (ATGM) produced by European company MBDA. It is used by several countries, including the Canadian Army, French, and Norwegian armies. The weapon can also be used against bunkers and pillboxes. It also has some capability in the anti aircraft role to bring down low flying helicopters, due to its wire-guided system. An agreement was reached in 1989 between the French and Canadian governments to co-produce the Eryx missile system. It entered service in 1994.
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  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Maritime Express
The Maritime Express was a Canada passenger train. When it was launched on the first of March, 1898, it was the flagship of the Intercolonial Railway (ICR) between Halifax, Nova Scotia and Montreal , Quebec. The train was operated by the Canadian National Railway (CNR) from 1919 until 1964, when it was reduced to a regional service and its name retired.
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  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Navy Mark IV
The Mercury space suit (or Navy Mark IV) was a full-body, high-altitude pressure suit originally developed by the B.F. Goodrich Company and the U.S. Navy for pilots of high-altitude fighter aircraft. It is best known for its role as the spacesuit worn for all manned Project Mercury spaceflights. The MK IV Full Pressure Suit ensemble was also used extensively by the US Navy from about 1959 through the early 1970s in aircraft such as the F-4 Phantom, A-3/A-5/RA-5C Vigilante, and F-8 Crusader.
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Metal Droplets
Droplets exist widely in nature and play an extremely important role in a broad variety of industrial processes. Typical droplets, including water and oil droplets, have received extensive attention and research, however their single properties still cannot meet diverse needs. Fortunately, liquid metal droplets emerging possess outstanding properties, including large surface tension, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, convenient chemical processing, easy transition between liquid and solid phase state, and large-scale deformability and so on. More interestingly, liquid metal droplets with unique features can respond to external factors including electronic field, magnetic field, acoustic field, chemical field, temperature and light, exhibiting extraordinary intelligent response characteristics.
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  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Transponder Timing
Transponder timing (also called chip timing or RFID timing) is a technique for measuring performance in sport events. A transponder working on a radio-frequency identification (RFID) basis is attached to the athlete and emits a unique code that is detected by radio receivers located at the strategic points in an event. Prior to the use of this technology, races were either timed by hand (with operators pressing a stopwatch) or using video camera systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Biography
Linda Griffith
Linda G. Griffith (born August 30, 1960 Atlanta, Georgia) is an American biological engineer, and Professor of Biological Engineering and Mechanical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she also directs the Center for Gynepathology Research.[1] She is a 2006 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, commonly referred to as the "MacArthur genius award."[2] She was raised in D
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
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