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Topic Review
ROS-Based Nanoparticles
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is the leading cause of death in western developed countries. Considering its long-term asymptomatic progression and serious complications, the early prevention and effective treatment of AS are particularly important. The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive in novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications, providing new options for the treatment of AS. With the assistance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based NPs, drugs can reach specifific lesion areas, prolong the therapeutic effect, achieve targeted controlled release and reduce adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AS and the generation and removal strategy of ROS. We further discussed ROS-based NPs, and summarized their biomedical applications in scavenger and drug delivery. Furthermore, we highlighted the recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of ROS-based NPs for treating AS. 
  • 804
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Mortality with Peripheral Artery Disease
There are a number of devastating complications associated with peripheral artery disease, including limb amputations and acute limb ischemia. In coronary atherosclerosis, thrombosis is often precipitated by rupture or erosion of fibrous caps around atheromatous plaques, which leads to acute coronary syndrome.
  • 804
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Genetic Landscape of Patent Foramen Ovale
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a common postnatal defect of cardiac atrial septation. A certain degree of familial aggregation has been reported. Animal studies suggest the involvement of the Notch pathway and other cardiac transcription factors (GATA4, TBX20, NKX2-5) in Foramen Ovale closure. 
  • 802
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment
Cardiovascular imaging is progressively assuming an increasingly pivotal role, playing a crucial part in enhancing the meticulous categorization of individuals according to their risk profiles, thus enabling the customization of precise therapeutic strategies for patients with increased cardiovascular risks. Optimal risk assessment for primary prevention remains highly challenging.
  • 801
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of Chemerin in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
Chemerin is a novel adipokine that plays a major role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. It also induces inflammation and affects insulin signaling, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis. Consequently, it likely contributes to a variety of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
  • 800
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients
Mucormycosis, previously known as zygomycosis, is a lethal fungus in which molds called mucormycetes can cause fungal infection. Mucormycosis causes angioinvasive infection among immunocompromised patients, with a mortality rate of 60%. Mucormycosis is the third most prevalent fungal infection in hematology patients, accounting for 8.3–13% of all fungal infections.
  • 799
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Role of Thyroid Hormone in COVID-19
Tissue hypoxia is one of the main pathophysiologic mechanisms in sepsis and particularly in COVID-19. Microvascular dysfunction, endothelialitis and alterations in red blood cell hemorheology are all implicated in severe COVID-19 hypoxia and multiorgan dysfunction. Tissue hypoxia results in tissue injury and remodeling with re-emergence of fetal programming via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1a)-dependent and -independent pathways. In this context, thyroid hormone (TH), a critical regulator of organ maturation, may be of relevance in preventing fetal-like hypoxia-induced remodeling in COVID-19 sepsis. Acute triiodothyronine (T3) treatment can prevent cardiac remodeling and improve recovery of function in clinical settings of hypoxic injury as acute myocardial infarction and by-pass cardiac surgery. Furthermore, T3 administration prevents tissue hypoxia in experimental sepsis. On the basis of this evidence, the use of T3 treatment was proposed for ICU (Intensive Care Unit) COVID-19 patients (Thy-Support, NCT04348513).
  • 798
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Liver in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome due to heart dysfunction, but in which other organs are also involved, resulting in a complex multisystemic disease, burdened with high mortality and morbidity. This article focuses on the mutual relationship between the heart and liver in HF patients. Any cause of right heart failure can cause hepatic congestion, with important prognostic significance. Cardiac biomarkers have been studied extensively in cardiology as a non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for HF. However, their usefulness in assessing liver congestion in HF patients is still being researched. On the other hand, several prognostic scores based on liver biomarkers in patients with HF have been proposed in recent years, recognizing the important burden that liver involvement has in HF.
  • 798
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
The use of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in the setting of stable coronary artery disease is highly recommended for low-risk patients. High-risk patients, such as symptomatic subjects with prior revascularization, are suggested to be investigated with noninvasive functional tests or invasive coronary angiography.
  • 798
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
3D Printing in Complex Medical Procedures
Medicine is a rapidly-evolving discipline, with progress picking up pace with each passing decade. This constant evolution results in the introduction of new tools and methods, which in turn occasionally leads to paradigm shifts across the affected medical fields. The following review attempts to showcase how 3D printing has begun to reshape and improve processes across various medical specialties and where it has the potential to make a significant impact. 
  • 797
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Intra and Post-Operative Graft Quality Assessment
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the gold standard procedure for multi vessels and left main coronary artery disease. The prognosis and survival outcomes of CABG surgery are highly dependent on the patency of the bypass graft. Early graft failure which can occur during or soon after CABG remains a significant issue, with reported incidences of 3–10%. Graft failure can lead to refractory angina, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and fatal cardiac failure, emphasizing the importance of ensuring graft patency during and after surgery to prevent such complications. Technical errors during anastomosis are among the leading causes of early graft failure.
  • 796
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Due to the high prevalence (around 1/3 of the world population) economic burden of MetS, there is a need for new dietary, lifestyle, and therapeutic options. 
  • 795
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Total Endovascular Aortic Arch Repair
Aortic arch surgery is one of the most complex procedures in cardiac surgery. The gold-standard therapy for the treatment of aortic arch pathologies (including penetrating ulcers, intramural hematoma, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms) remains open surgery performed under Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion.
  • 791
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulation of mir-106a in Non-Cancer Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the translation and even transcription levels. miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and modulation of the host response to viral infection.
  • 788
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare inherited cardiomyopathy characterized as fibro-fatty replacement, and a common cause for sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Development of heart failure (HF) has been an under-recognized complication of ACM for a long time. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. A comprehensive review for this great achievement in our understanding of HF in ACM is necessary.
  • 786
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fontan System in Univentricular Hearts in Heart Transplantation
The Fontan procedure (FP) is the standard surgical treatment for Univentricular heart diseases. Over time, the Fontan system fails, leading to pathologies such as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), plastic bronchitis (PB), and heart failure (HF). FP should be considered as a transitional step to the final treatment: heart transplantation (HT). 
  • 785
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has several advantages compared to TTE. In most centers, it is used for further investigation of subjects with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and in patients with confirmed systemic amyloidosis. On one hand, it offers unmatched precision when it comes to measurements, including the assessment of the right ventricle; on the other hand, there is a unique opportunity of tissue characterization. 
  • 783
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulated Calcium Handling in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of blunted cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients with cirrhosis. Since contractility and relaxation depend on cardiomyocyte calcium transients, any factors that impact cardiac contractile and relaxation functions act eventually through calcium transients. In addition, calcium transients play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. 
  • 782
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hibernating Myocardium and Prognosis in Ischemic Heart Failure
Ischemic heart disease is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is an increasing number of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most important cause of chronic heart failure accounting for two thirds of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction cases. Hibernating myocardium is defined as a dysfunctional but viable cardiac area with persistently reduced contractility due to reduced coronary blood flow at rest. Myocardial contraction requires a higher amount of energy than that needed for cell survival. 
  • 781
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid in Cardiovascular Disease
Bile acids represent a class of cholesterol derivatives that is essential for intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, plays an important role in cholesterol turnover and, as more recently discovered, acts as a group of signaling molecules that exerts hormonal functions throughout the body.
  • 780
  • 28 Apr 2023
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