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Topic Review
3D Printing in Complex Medical Procedures
Medicine is a rapidly-evolving discipline, with progress picking up pace with each passing decade. This constant evolution results in the introduction of new tools and methods, which in turn occasionally leads to paradigm shifts across the affected medical fields. The following review attempts to showcase how 3D printing has begun to reshape and improve processes across various medical specialties and where it has the potential to make a significant impact. 
  • 791
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Management of cardiovascular risk factors, particularly hypertension and dyslipidemia, has been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular risk prediction is a sine qua non for optimizing cardiovascular prevention strategies, particularly in patients without established CVD or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • 791
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Chemerin in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
Chemerin is a novel adipokine that plays a major role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. It also induces inflammation and affects insulin signaling, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis. Consequently, it likely contributes to a variety of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
  • 790
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients
Mucormycosis, previously known as zygomycosis, is a lethal fungus in which molds called mucormycetes can cause fungal infection. Mucormycosis causes angioinvasive infection among immunocompromised patients, with a mortality rate of 60%. Mucormycosis is the third most prevalent fungal infection in hematology patients, accounting for 8.3–13% of all fungal infections.
  • 788
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Macrophage Heterogeneity and Functions in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide, especially in developing countries. The increased prevalence rate and mortality due to CVDs, despite the development of several approaches for prevention and treatment, are alarming trends in global health. Chronic inflammation and macrophage infiltration are key regulators of the initiation and progression of CVDs. Macrophage polarization is a unique phenotypic phenomenon where macrophages exhibit a particular functional response to the microenvironment. Macrophage activation produces distinct functional phenotypes that maintain homeostasis primarily by modulating the release of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  • 787
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Intra and Post-Operative Graft Quality Assessment
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the gold standard procedure for multi vessels and left main coronary artery disease. The prognosis and survival outcomes of CABG surgery are highly dependent on the patency of the bypass graft. Early graft failure which can occur during or soon after CABG remains a significant issue, with reported incidences of 3–10%. Graft failure can lead to refractory angina, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and fatal cardiac failure, emphasizing the importance of ensuring graft patency during and after surgery to prevent such complications. Technical errors during anastomosis are among the leading causes of early graft failure.
  • 785
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Due to the high prevalence (around 1/3 of the world population) economic burden of MetS, there is a need for new dietary, lifestyle, and therapeutic options. 
  • 784
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Total Endovascular Aortic Arch Repair
Aortic arch surgery is one of the most complex procedures in cardiac surgery. The gold-standard therapy for the treatment of aortic arch pathologies (including penetrating ulcers, intramural hematoma, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms) remains open surgery performed under Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion.
  • 783
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Genetic Landscape of Patent Foramen Ovale
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a common postnatal defect of cardiac atrial septation. A certain degree of familial aggregation has been reported. Animal studies suggest the involvement of the Notch pathway and other cardiac transcription factors (GATA4, TBX20, NKX2-5) in Foramen Ovale closure. 
  • 783
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment
Cardiovascular imaging is progressively assuming an increasingly pivotal role, playing a crucial part in enhancing the meticulous categorization of individuals according to their risk profiles, thus enabling the customization of precise therapeutic strategies for patients with increased cardiovascular risks. Optimal risk assessment for primary prevention remains highly challenging.
  • 783
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulation of mir-106a in Non-Cancer Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the translation and even transcription levels. miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and modulation of the host response to viral infection.
  • 781
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fontan System in Univentricular Hearts in Heart Transplantation
The Fontan procedure (FP) is the standard surgical treatment for Univentricular heart diseases. Over time, the Fontan system fails, leading to pathologies such as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), plastic bronchitis (PB), and heart failure (HF). FP should be considered as a transitional step to the final treatment: heart transplantation (HT). 
  • 779
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Finerenone on Cardiovascular and Chronic Kidney Diseases
Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) show high rates of cardiorenal outcomes. Several studies suggest that the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) induces cardiac and renal injury, including inflammation and fibrosis. Finerenone is a novel non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) with a stronger mineralocorticoid receptor binding potential than eplerenone and spironolactone. Finerenone has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical studies.
  • 778
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Liver in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome due to heart dysfunction, but in which other organs are also involved, resulting in a complex multisystemic disease, burdened with high mortality and morbidity. This article focuses on the mutual relationship between the heart and liver in HF patients. Any cause of right heart failure can cause hepatic congestion, with important prognostic significance. Cardiac biomarkers have been studied extensively in cardiology as a non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for HF. However, their usefulness in assessing liver congestion in HF patients is still being researched. On the other hand, several prognostic scores based on liver biomarkers in patients with HF have been proposed in recent years, recognizing the important burden that liver involvement has in HF.
  • 778
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare inherited cardiomyopathy characterized as fibro-fatty replacement, and a common cause for sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Development of heart failure (HF) has been an under-recognized complication of ACM for a long time. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. A comprehensive review for this great achievement in our understanding of HF in ACM is necessary.
  • 777
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has several advantages compared to TTE. In most centers, it is used for further investigation of subjects with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and in patients with confirmed systemic amyloidosis. On one hand, it offers unmatched precision when it comes to measurements, including the assessment of the right ventricle; on the other hand, there is a unique opportunity of tissue characterization. 
  • 777
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulated Calcium Handling in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of blunted cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients with cirrhosis. Since contractility and relaxation depend on cardiomyocyte calcium transients, any factors that impact cardiac contractile and relaxation functions act eventually through calcium transients. In addition, calcium transients play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. 
  • 776
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hibernating Myocardium and Prognosis in Ischemic Heart Failure
Ischemic heart disease is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is an increasing number of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most important cause of chronic heart failure accounting for two thirds of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction cases. Hibernating myocardium is defined as a dysfunctional but viable cardiac area with persistently reduced contractility due to reduced coronary blood flow at rest. Myocardial contraction requires a higher amount of energy than that needed for cell survival. 
  • 771
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell Derived Mitochondrial Transplantation
Stem Cell Derived Mitochondrial Transplantation emerged as an interesting and so far, promising therapeutic option in a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular. In this review an overview on aging effects of stem cells (including stem cell heterogeneity) and mitochondria which might be important for mitochondrial transplantation as well as an overview on the current state in this field together with considerations worthwhile for further investigations are given.
  • 768
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes superficial and invasive infections and immune mediated post-infectious sequalae (including acute rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease). Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are important determinants of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. ARF is a multiorgan inflammatory disease that is triggered by GAS infection that activates the innate immune system. In susceptible hosts the response against GAS elicits autoimmune reactions targeting the heart, joints, brain, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. Repeated episodes of ARF—undetected, subclinical, or diagnosed—may progressively lead to RHD, unless prevented by periodic administration of penicillin. The modified Duckett Jones criteria with stratification by population risk remains relevant for the diagnosis of ARF and includes subclinical carditis detected by echocardiography as a major criterion. Chronic RHD is defined by valve regurgitation and/or stenosis that presents with complications such as arrhythmias, systemic embolism, infective endocarditis, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and death.
  • 768
  • 07 Jul 2022
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