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Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has several advantages compared to TTE. In most centers, it is used for further investigation of subjects with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and in patients with confirmed systemic amyloidosis. On one hand, it offers unmatched precision when it comes to measurements, including the assessment of the right ventricle; on the other hand, there is a unique opportunity of tissue characterization. 
  • 773
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Bariatric Surgery in Obese Patients with Diabetes
Bariatric surgery has been shown to be able to reduce the incidence of obesity-related cardiovascular disease and thus overall mortality. This result has been shown to be the result of hormonal and metabolic effects induced by post-surgical anatomical changes, with important effects on multiple hormonal and molecular axes that make this treatment more effective than conservative therapy in determining a marked improvement in the patient’s cardiovascular risk profile.
  • 772
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Liver in Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome due to heart dysfunction, but in which other organs are also involved, resulting in a complex multisystemic disease, burdened with high mortality and morbidity. This article focuses on the mutual relationship between the heart and liver in HF patients. Any cause of right heart failure can cause hepatic congestion, with important prognostic significance. Cardiac biomarkers have been studied extensively in cardiology as a non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for HF. However, their usefulness in assessing liver congestion in HF patients is still being researched. On the other hand, several prognostic scores based on liver biomarkers in patients with HF have been proposed in recent years, recognizing the important burden that liver involvement has in HF.
  • 770
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Genetic Landscape of Patent Foramen Ovale
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a common postnatal defect of cardiac atrial septation. A certain degree of familial aggregation has been reported. Animal studies suggest the involvement of the Notch pathway and other cardiac transcription factors (GATA4, TBX20, NKX2-5) in Foramen Ovale closure. 
  • 767
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
NcRNAs in Cardiac Action Potential
microRNAs represent the most studied type of small ncRNAs and it has been demonstrated that miRNAs play essential roles in multiple biological contexts, including normal development and diseases. Cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent among humans across all age ranges, affecting millions of people worldwide. While cardiac arrhythmias vary widely in their clinical presentation, they possess shared complex electrophysiologic properties at cellular level that have not been fully studied. 
  • 766
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mucormycosis in Indian COVID-19 Patients
Mucormycosis, previously known as zygomycosis, is a lethal fungus in which molds called mucormycetes can cause fungal infection. Mucormycosis causes angioinvasive infection among immunocompromised patients, with a mortality rate of 60%. Mucormycosis is the third most prevalent fungal infection in hematology patients, accounting for 8.3–13% of all fungal infections.
  • 766
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hibernating Myocardium and Prognosis in Ischemic Heart Failure
Ischemic heart disease is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is an increasing number of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most important cause of chronic heart failure accounting for two thirds of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction cases. Hibernating myocardium is defined as a dysfunctional but viable cardiac area with persistently reduced contractility due to reduced coronary blood flow at rest. Myocardial contraction requires a higher amount of energy than that needed for cell survival. 
  • 765
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell Derived Mitochondrial Transplantation
Stem Cell Derived Mitochondrial Transplantation emerged as an interesting and so far, promising therapeutic option in a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular. In this review an overview on aging effects of stem cells (including stem cell heterogeneity) and mitochondria which might be important for mitochondrial transplantation as well as an overview on the current state in this field together with considerations worthwhile for further investigations are given.
  • 763
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Dysregulation of mir-106a in Non-Cancer Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the translation and even transcription levels. miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and modulation of the host response to viral infection.
  • 762
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Porcine Bioprostheses In Situ “Humanization”
This entry describes bioprostheses conversion into viable permanently functional tissue in humans. This process includes gradual degradation of the porcine tissue, with concomitant neo-vascularization and reconstruction of the implanted bioprosthesis with human cells and extracellular matrix. Such a reconstruction process is referred to in this review as “humanization”. Humanization was achieved with porcine bone-patellar-tendon-bone (BTB), replacing torn anterior-cruciate-ligament (ACL) in patients. In addition to its possible use in orthopedic surgery, it is suggested that this humanization method should be studied as a possible mechanism for converting implanted porcine bioprosthetic heart-valves (BHV) into viable tissue valves in young patients. Presently, these patients are only implanted with mechanical heart-valves, which require constant anticoagulation therapy. The processing of porcine bioprostheses, which enables humanization, includes elimination of α-gal epitopes and partial (incomplete) crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Studies on implantation of porcine BTB bioprostheses indicated that enzymatic elimination of α-gal epitopes prevents subsequent accelerated destruction of implanted tissues by the natural anti-Gal antibody, whereas the partial crosslinking by glutaraldehyde molecules results in their function as “speed bumps” that slow the infiltration of macrophages, enabling gradual degradation of the bioprosthesis and replacement of the porcine tissue with human fibroblasts and the collagen fibers and matrix components they produce.
  • 761
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Macrophage Heterogeneity and Functions in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide, especially in developing countries. The increased prevalence rate and mortality due to CVDs, despite the development of several approaches for prevention and treatment, are alarming trends in global health. Chronic inflammation and macrophage infiltration are key regulators of the initiation and progression of CVDs. Macrophage polarization is a unique phenotypic phenomenon where macrophages exhibit a particular functional response to the microenvironment. Macrophage activation produces distinct functional phenotypes that maintain homeostasis primarily by modulating the release of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  • 761
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Finerenone on Cardiovascular and Chronic Kidney Diseases
Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) show high rates of cardiorenal outcomes. Several studies suggest that the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) induces cardiac and renal injury, including inflammation and fibrosis. Finerenone is a novel non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) with a stronger mineralocorticoid receptor binding potential than eplerenone and spironolactone. Finerenone has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical studies.
  • 760
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Impact of CF-LVAD on Gastrointestinal Vasculature and GIB
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been increasingly used in patients with advanced heart failure, either as a destination therapy or as a bridge to heart transplant. Continuous flow (CF) LVADs have revolutionized advanced heart failure treatment. However, gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remain a major concern in this patient population.
  • 759
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dysregulated Calcium Handling in Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of blunted cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients with cirrhosis. Since contractility and relaxation depend on cardiomyocyte calcium transients, any factors that impact cardiac contractile and relaxation functions act eventually through calcium transients. In addition, calcium transients play an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. 
  • 759
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Diet and Exercise Impacts on Metabolic Diseases
Epigenetic reprogramming predicts the long-term functional health effects of health-related metabolic disease. This epigenetic reprogramming is activated by exogenous or endogenous insults, leading to altered healthy and different disease states. The epigenetic and environmental changes involve a roadmap of epigenetic networking, such as dietary components and exercise on epigenetic imprinting and restoring epigenome patterns laid down during embryonic development, which are paramount to establishing youthful cell type and health.
  • 758
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
The development of the mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is unprecedented in the history of Vaccinology. The prototypes of the mRNA vaccine are BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), which gained widespread use to prevent severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. As per CDC guidelines, these vaccines have undergone extensive testing and trials, and myocarditis and pericarditis occurred after the mRNA vaccines were not reported in trials.
  • 751
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare inherited cardiomyopathy characterized as fibro-fatty replacement, and a common cause for sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Development of heart failure (HF) has been an under-recognized complication of ACM for a long time. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. The current clinical management guidelines for HF in ACM progression have nowadays been updated. A comprehensive review for this great achievement in our understanding of HF in ACM is necessary.
  • 751
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota for Atherosclerosis Disease
The increasing number of studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis have led to significant interest in this subject. The gut microbiota, its metabolites (metabolome), such as TMAO, and gut dysbiosis play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, inflammation, originating from the intestinal tract, adds yet another mechanism by which the human ecosystem is disrupted, resulting in the manifestation of metabolic diseases and, by extension, cardiovascular diseases. 
  • 751
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure
Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in heart failure (HF). Patients with HF demonstrate reduced global cognition as well as deficits in multiple cognitive domains compared to controls. Degree of CI may be related to HF severity. HF has also been associated with an increased risk of dementia. Anatomical brain changes have been observed in patients with HF, including grey matter atrophy and increased white matter lesions. Patients with HF and CI have poorer functional independence and self-care, more frequent rehospitalisations as well as increased mortality. Pathophysiological pathways linking HF and CI have been proposed, including cerebral hypoperfusion and impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, systemic inflammation, proteotoxicity and thromboembolic disease.
  • 750
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins as Bidirectional Lipid Vectors
The anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have been explained mainly by reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheral tissues to the liver. The RCT seems to agree with most of the negative epidemiological correlations between HDL cholesterol levels and coronary artery disease. However, therapies designed to increase HDL cholesterol failed to reduce cardiovascular risk, despite their capacity to improve cholesterol efflux, the first stage of RCT. Therefore, the cardioprotective role of HDL may not be explained by RCT, and it is time for new paradigms about the physiological function of these lipoproteins. It should be considered that the main HDL apolipoprotein, apo AI, has been highly conserved throughout evolution. Consequently, these lipoproteins play an essential physiological role beyond their capacity to protect against atherosclerosis.
  • 750
  • 27 May 2022
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