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Topic Review
Multiphase Flows
Multiphase flows appear in many industrial and environmental applications (dredging, oil industry, mining industry, cement industry, among others), quite often as two-phase flows, either solid/liquid, liquid/liquid or gas/liquid flows. When we speak about multiphase flows we are referring both to flow in channels or pipes or in other process units. In our studies we have been more directed to multiphase flows in pipes. Being able to model and accurately predict the behaviour of such flows and to monitor, as well, the flows themselves, is of high importance to guarantee a stable flow and to optimize energy consumption, by designing adequately the conveying system, without the need to overdimensioning conveying equipment to avoid, for instance, pipe blockage.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Bioengineered Skin Equivalents
The formation of severe scars still represents the result of the closure process of extended and deep skin wounds. To address this issue, different bioengineered skin substitutes have been developed but a general consensus regarding their effectiveness has not been achieved yet. It will be shown that bioengineered skin substitutes, although representing a valid alternative to autografting, induce skin cells in repairing the wound rather than guiding a regeneration process. Repaired skin differs from regenerated skin, showing high contracture, loss of sensitivity, impaired pigmentation and absence of cutaneous adnexa (i.e., hair follicles and sweat glands). This leads to significant mobility and aesthetic concerns, making the development of more effective bioengineered skin models a current need. The objective of this review is to determine the limitations of either commercially available or investigational bioengineered skin substitutes and how advanced skin tissue engineering strategies can be improved in order to completely restore skin functions after severe wounds.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons are orthoses of a certain kind—devices that work in harmony and parallel with their users (humans) in order to augment physical performance and are able to complete certain tasks or movements. In order to achieve such coordination, the device must be fitted to the user’s dimensions. 
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Measuring Biosignals with Single Circuit Boards
To measure biosignals constantly, using textile-integrated or even textile-based electrodes and miniaturized electronics, is ideal to provide maximum comfort for patients or athletes during monitoring. While in former times, this was usually solved by integrating specialized electronics into garments, either connected to a handheld computer or including a wireless data transfer option, nowadays increasingly smaller single circuit boards are available, e.g., single-board computers such as Raspberry Pi or microcontrollers such as Arduino, in various shapes and dimensions.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Continuum Robots for Medical Applications
Traditional rigid robot application in the medical field is limited due to the limited degrees of freedom caused by their material and structure. Inspired by trunk, tentacles, and snakes, continuum robot (CR) could traverse confined space, manipulate objects in complex environment, and conform to curvilinear paths in space. The continuum robot has broad prospect in surgery due to its high dexterity, which can reach circuitous areas of the body and perform precision surgery. Recently, many efforts have been done by researchers to improve the design and actuation methods of continuum robots. Several continuum robots have been applied in clinic surgical interventions and demonstrated superiorities to conventional rigid-link robots.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sensors and Actuation Technologies in Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons and exoskeletal robots are wearable devices based on a mechanical structure that conceptually mirrors the skeletal structure of a limb or of the involved body-part. Exoskeletons are robots that closely interact with humans and that are increasingly used for different purposes, such as rehabilitation, assistance in the activities of daily living (ADLs), performance augmentation or as haptic devices.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
IoMT System
 The Internet of medical things (IoMT) is an area within the IoT that directly focuses on medical applications and deals with the acquisition, processing, transmission and storage of medical information through the amalgamation of specific devices (things) built to ensure patient safety and data security. IoMT builds over a general IoT system. Different design concepts have been shown both using existent protocols, as well as commonly used bands, i.e., industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) bands, which includes both Bluetooth and ZigBee. Additionally, novel and emerging protocols for wireless sensor body network (WSBN) are being investigated. 
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Photolyase
Photolyase is a protein that has various functions, among which is the repair of DNA damaged from exposure to UV rays from the sun.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning-based Contactless PPG Methods
Physiological measurements are widely used to determine a person’s health condition. Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a physiological measurement method that is used to detect volumetric changes in blood in vessels beneath the skin. Medical devices based on PPG have been introduced to measure different physiological measurements including heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, heart rate variability (HRV), oxyhemoglobin saturation, and blood pressure. Due to its low cost and non-invasive nature, PPG is utilized in many devices such as finger pulse oximeters, sports bands, and wearable sensors. PPG-based physiological measurements can be categorized into two types: contact-based and contactless.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Determination of KISCC by The Circumferential Notch Tensile
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a vexing problem for load-bearing equipment operating in a corrosive environment in various industries, such as aerospace, chemical and mineral processing, civil structures, bioimplants, energy generation etc. For safe operation, effective maintenance and life prediction of such equipment, reliable design data on SCC (such as threshold stress intensity for SCC, i.e., KISCC) are invaluable. Generating reliable KISCC data invariably requires a large number of tests. Traditional techniques can be prohibitively expensive. Circumfrential notch tensile testing is a relatively recent, much simpler and cost-effective approach to generating accurate and reliable KISCC data.
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
DNA-Based Biosensors
Due to superior biocompatibility, thermal stability, and alternative functionalization, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is becoming a fascinating biological material used for biosensing. It is widely acknowledged that DNA and its assembly structure can be applied for detecting specific targets, including nucleic acids, proteins, metal ions, and small biological molecules. With the development of DNA nanotechnology, dynamic networks based on DNA hybridization can be used to amplify the signals of biosensors.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Wearable Sensor
Sensors are the core of wearable monitoring equipment. In wearable devices (such as wrist strap or chest strap), the sensor will inevitably contact with the skin.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) is considered to be an innovative and relevant surgical technique for improving the prosthetic control for people with different amputation levels of the limb. Indeed, TMR surgery makes it possible to obtain reinnervated areas that act as biological amplifiers of the motor control. On the technological side, a great deal of research has been conducted in order to evaluate various types of myoelectric prosthetic control strategies, whether direct control or pattern recognition-based control. In the literature, different control performance metrics, which have been evaluated on TMR subjects, have been introduced, but no accepted reference standard defines the better strategy for evaluating the prosthetic control. Indeed, the presence of several evaluation tests that are based on different metrics makes it difficult the definition of standard guidelines for comprehending the potentiality of the proposed control systems. Additionally, there is a lack of evidence about the comparison of different evaluation approaches or the presence of guidelines on the most suitable test to proceed for a TMR patients case study. This review aims at identifying these limitations byexamining the several studies in the literature on TMR subjects, with different amputation levels, and proposing a standard method for evaluating the control performance metrics.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Internet of Wearable Things
The Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) aims to improve people’s quality of daily life. It involves sensors fitted into wearable devices, monitoring the individual’s activity, health factors, and other things. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Sensor-level human brain activity is studied during real and imaginary motor execution using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Blood oxygenation and deoxygenation spatial dynamics exhibit pronounced hemispheric lateralization when performing motor tasks with the left and right hands. This fact allowed us to reveal biomarkers of hemodynamical response of the motor cortex on the motor execution, and use them for designing a sensing method for classification of the type of movement. The recognition accuracy of real movements is close to 100%, while the classification accuracy of imaginary movements is lower but quite high (at the level of 90%). The advantage of the proposed method is its ability to classify real and imaginary movements with sufficiently high efficiency without the need for recalculating parameters. The proposed system can serve as a sensor of motor activity to be used for neurorehabilitation after severe brain injuries, including traumas and strokes.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Forward Osmosis
Forward osmosis (FO), the most common osmotically driven membrane process, stands out as the most promising alternative for RO processes due to its inherently low fouling tendency, easier fouling removal, and energy efficiency when compared to pressure-driven–type membrane processes.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Type I Collagen
Type I collagen, the predominant protein of vertebrates, assembles into fibrils that orchestrate the form and function of bone, tendon, skin, and other tissues. Collagen plays roles in hemostasis, wound healing, angiogenesis, and biomineralization, and its dysfunction contributes to fibrosis, atherosclerosis, cancer metastasis, and brittle bone disease.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Graphene-based Membranes for H2 Separation
Hydrogen is an industrial gas that has showcased its importance in several well-known processes such as ammonia, methanol and steel productions, as well as in petrochemical industries. Besides, there is a growing interest in hydrogen production and purification owing to the global efforts to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, hydrogen which is produced synthetically is expected to contain other impurities and unreacted substituents (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane), such that subsequent purification steps are typically required for practical applications. In this context, membrane-based separation has attracted a vast amount of interest due to its desirable advantages over conventional separation processes, such as the ease of operation, low energy consumption and small plant footprint. Efforts have also been made for the development of high-performance membranes that can overcome the limitations of conventional polymer membranes. In particular, the studies on graphene-based membranes have been actively conducted most recently, showcasing outstanding hydrogen-separation performances.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Thermal Inkjet Printing
Inkjet printing technologies have advanced significantly and found several applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sector. Thermal inkjet printing is one of the most widely used techniques due to its versatility in the development of bioinks for cell printing or biosensors, and the potential to fabricate personalized medications of various forms such as films and tablets.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Food safety and quality analysis at the point of care
Food safety remains a critical issue today. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately two billion people worldwide die from food poisoning caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites annually. These incidences have led to the efforts to develop analytical devices for food safety and quality control. Conventional food safety analytical technologies, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are not only labor intensive and time-consuming, but also high-cost. In addition, most of the diagnostic tests are performed at well-established laboratories. However, resources in central laboratories are limited in developing countries where foodborne diseases are prevalent. Therefore, there seems to be an urgent need to create cost-effective and robust analytical devices for healthcare applications. Recent technological advances have made it possible to develop point-of-care (POC) devices, including chip-based and paper-based devices to rapidly diagnose diseases for providing lifesaving treatment in a timely manner.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jan 2022
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