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Topic Review
Structure and Fabrication of MXene-Based Heterostructures
MXene, as an emerging family of 2D nanomaterials, exhibits excellent electrochemical, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. MXene-based heterostructures have already been demonstrated in applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, batteries, and photocatalysts. Nowadays, increasing research attention is attracted onto MXene-based heterostructures, while there is less effort spent to summarize the current research status.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Catalytic Mechanism of Photocatalysts Based on GCN Heterogeneous
In the current world situation, population and industrial growth have become major problems for energy and environmental concerns. Extremely noxious pollutants such as heavy metal ions, dyes, antibiotics, phenols, and pesticides in water are the main causes behind deprived water quality leading to inadequate access to clean water. In this connection, graphite carbon nitride (GCN or g-C3N4) a nonmetallic polymeric material has been utilized extensively as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for a variety of environmental applications.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metal Organic Frameworks Supported on Graphene Oxide
Nanotechnology is one of the most active research fields in materials science. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the benefits of having a sizable specific surface area, extremely high porosity, changeable pore size, post-synthesis modification, and extreme thermal stability. Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted significant research interest due to its similar surface area to MOFs. Furthermore, oxygen-containing groups presented in graphene oxide offer the unique processing and handling advantages of amphiphilicity and dispersion in water. MOF-based GO has attracted attention due to its resemblance to metal ions and organic binding linkers. It has sparked great interest in the past few years due to its distinct characteristics and higher performance compared to MOFs or GO alone. 
  • 2.2K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Photocathode Materials
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising approach to sustainable hydrogen production with no carbon emissions. Hydrogen being a future fuel to coming human generations is of utmost importance. The photocathodes in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting cell are essential for the direct evolution of hydrogen. Among the known photocathodes, Cu-based p-type semiconducting materials are the most promising photo-absorber materials owing to their low-cost, low toxicity, natural abundance, suitable band-gaps, and favorable band edges for reduction. 
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MOFs for Mercury Detection
The advantages of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are: existence of porosity to adsorb specific analyte, improved aqueous solubility, exceptional photophysical and chemical properties. MOFs are noted as exceptional candidates towards the detection and removal of specific analytes, particular for the detection/removal of environmental contaminants, such as heavy metal ions, toxic anions, hazardous gases, explosives, etc. Among heavy metal ions, mercury has been noted as a global hazard because of its high toxicity in the elemental (Hg0), divalent cationic (Hg2+), and methyl mercury (CH3Hg+) forms. To secure the environment and living organisms, many countries have imposed stringent regulations to monitor mercury at all costs. Regarding the detection/removal requirements of mercury, researchers have proposed and reported all kinds of MOFs-based luminescent/non-luminescent probes towards mercury.This review provides valuable information about the MOFs which have been engaged in detection and removal of elemental mercury and Hg2+ ions. Moreover, the involved mechanisms or adsorption isotherms related to sensors or removal studies are clarified for the readers. Finally, advantages and limitations of MOFs in mercury detection/removal are described together with future scopes.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Composites
Carbon-based composites are materials in which a primary component in the form of a carbon structure or structures (graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, etc.) and usually an inorganic phase or phases are combined into one system. Such a material is expected to exhibit additive or synergetic interfacial effects resulting in enhanced properties, such as reactivity in catalytic or electrocatalytic reactions.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TiO2: Next Generation Photocatalysts
TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalyst in many energy and environmental applications. This entry describes the basic structure and properties of TiO2 as a nanomaterials. It also enlists the special properties of TiO2 which make it a best candidate for photocatalysis reaction. It also explains the drawbacks of TiO2 nanomaterials along with the strategies to overcome those. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Shape Memory Materials of Rubbers
Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME).
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CeO2-based transition metal catalysts
The rational design and fabrication of highly-active and cost-efficient catalytic materials constitutes the main research pillar in catalysis field. In this context, the fine-tuning of size and shape at nanometer scale can exert an intense impact not only on the inherent reactivity of catalyst’s counterparts but also on their interfacial interactions, opening up new horizons for the development of highly active and robust materials. The main implications of ceria nanoparticles’ shape engineering (rods, cubes, polyhedra) in catalysis are revealed, on the ground of some of the most pertinent heterogeneous reactions, such as CO2 hydrogenation, CO oxidation, and N2O decomposition. It is clearly revealed that shape functionalization can remarkably affect the intrinsic features and in turn the reactivity of ceria nanoparticles. More importantly, by combining ceria nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) of specific architecture with various transition metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Co, Ni) remarkably active multifunctional composites can be obtained due mainly to the synergistic metal-ceria interactions, providing the design principles of earth-abundant metal oxide catalysts for various real-life environmental and energy applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Prussian Blue and Its Analogues
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs)-based anode materials (oxides, sulfides, selenides, phosphides, borides, and carbides) have been extensively investigated in the field of energy conversion and storage. This is due to PBAs’ unique properties, including high theoretical specific capacity, environmental friendly, and low cost.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Clinoptilolite
Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with an open-framework structure. Unique structural features make them very useful ion-changers, adsorbents and catalysts. The catalytic use of zeolites has expanded from traditional use in the petrochemical industry and refineries to use in the catalytic degradation of various environmental pollutants and the synthesis of fine chemicals. Progress on the use of zeolites has been achieved in biomass conversion to fuels and valuable industrial bio-based chemicals. 
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most commonly used ESS in modern society, mainly due to their high specific capacity, making them appropriate for small and light portable devices without limiting their performance. LIBs are also characterized by prolonged cycle life and no memory effects. These are important advantages that increased the use of LIBs, leading to a progressive replacement of previous technologies, such as nickel–cadmium and nickel–metal hydride batteries, which are less efficient, in particular for small device applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding
Space exploration requires the use of suitable materials to protect astronauts and spacecraft components (e.g. onboard electronics) from the hazardous effects of radiation, in particular, ionizing radiation, which is ubiquitous in the hostile space environment. In this scenario, polymer-based materials and composites play a crucial role in achieving effective radiation shielding while providing low-weight and tailored mechanical properties to different types of spacecraft elements.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Circular Economy
Thermosetting Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) are engineered composites made out of carbon fibers (CFs) as the reinforcement and epoxy resin as the polymer matrix, which acts as load transfer elements across fibers.Thermosets are commonly charachterized by their high performance and flexibility according to different combination of polymeric-based materials (e.g. epoxies, polyurethane, rubber) and carbon fibers type. CFRPs owns durable and heat-resistant features that make proper them for cars or electrical appliances. CFRPs cannot be easily recycled or broken down after use, because the chemical bonds holding them cannot be changed or reversed as for thermoplastic material. New technological solutions are emerging with specific focus on the circular economy context.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Microstructure Formation and Processing Features of Non-Alloy Steels
The properties of structural steel during processing are influenced by various structural components, including equilibrium structures, which include austenite and pearlite, as well as non-equilibrium structures like martensite, residual austenite, sorbite, and troostite. The formation of these structures is determined by factors that include temperature, alloy composition, and cooling medium.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Geopolymer Technology: Possible "Cement-Matrix" Sosbtitution
Geopolymer technology (GCs) refer to a class of alumino-silicate cementitious materials resulting from an inorganic polycondensation reaction (named “geopolymerization”) between solid alumino-silicate precursors and highly concentrated aqueous alkali hydroxide or silicate solution such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), or potassium silicate (K2SiO3).
  • 2.0K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Compatibilization in Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends
The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bioplastic of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Vegetal-Fibers as Biopackaging Alternatives
This is an overview of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)–vegetal fiber composites, the effects of the fiber type, and the production method's impact on the mechanical, thermal, barrier properties, and biodegradability, all relevant for biopackaging. To acknowledge the behaviors and trends of the biomaterials reinforcement field, the researchers searched for granted patents focusing on bio-packaging applications and gained insight into current industry developments and contributions.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silica Aerogel Incorporated Cementitious Composites
Silica aerogels are made of 95% air, the rest being silica crystal (SiO2). They have an open porous structure that is composed of particles with diameter less than 10 nm and pores smaller than 50 nm. Lightweight cement composites with silica aerogel in the form of granulate, thanks to their low thermal conductivity and good mechanical performance, may soon find wide application in the construction sector. An important aspect that guarantees this application is the proper design of the composite, proper selection of its components, improvement of the interfacial zone between the silica aerogel and the cement matrix, and ensuring the durability of the material in the long term.  
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Self-Healing Polymer, Metal, and Ceramic Matrix Composites
Composites can be divided into three groups based on their matrix materials, namely polymer, metal and ceramic. Composite materials fail due to micro cracks. Repairing is complex and almost impossible if cracks appear on the surface and interior, which minimizes reliability and material life. In order to save the material from failure and prolong its lifetime without compromising mechanical properties, self-healing is one of the emerging and best techniques. 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2022
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