You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Obstacles for the Current IIAs in Addressing Climate Change
Global climate change has become a major concern today, and it has been described by the G20 as “one of our greatest challenges”. Climate change is characterized by externality and has a global, long-term, and intergenerational impact. To prevent climate change deterioration, the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference adopted the Paris Agreement, which promotes climate finance and mitigates climate change worldwide. At the international law level, since Germany and Pakistan signed the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT) in 1959, international investment agreements (IIAs) have emerged as one of the most significant sources of international legal protection and promotion of foreign investments.
  • 739
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Discrimination in Life Insurance
Research findings of insurance application forms review show that Ukrainian life insurance companies ask broad questions about health and family history that may be perceived by applicants as requiring the disclosure of their genetic information. Legal analysis shows that today there are no genetic specific law protecting Ukrainians people against GD in insurance.
  • 721
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Subsidy System in China
Subsidies are a governmental measure implemented by a country for the purpose of protecting its national economic development on a periodic basis. Renewable energy subsidies, on the other hand, are a strategic energy decision in the current context of national energy security, global climate change, and the transformation of the energy industry. At present, there are many problems with China’s renewable energy subsidy policy in practice, such as fragmented institutional policies, lack of procedural regulations, and lagging subsidy funds. The excellent legislative practice experience of foreign countries can be borrowed by China to make up for the corresponding loopholes and, on the basis of fully examining the specific conditions of China, to promote the progressive reform of China’s renewable energy subsidy system; form a trinity system of law, general strategy, and specific policies; strengthen collaboration; and enhance its scientific level. At the same time, China can actively broaden the sources of subsidy funds, explore diversified financing methods, further standardize the subsidy procedures, strengthen the supervision in implementation, and enhance the efficiency of the utilization of funds, so as to enhance the legalization of the subsidy system.
  • 704
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Contract (Canon Law)
The canon law of contract follows that of the civil jurisdiction in which canon law operates. (Latin contractus; Old French contract; Modern French contrat; Italian contratto).
  • 672
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Significance of the Separate-Regulatory Paradigm
This separate-regulatory paradigm is strongly backed up by its significance in maintaining a clear line between tort law and environmental law, providing remedies tailored to the natural environment, and bypassing the logical difficulties in incorporating environmental damage into the tort system. The failure of tort law to fashion an effective remedy to the damaged environment in complex environmental issues such as climate change further illustrates such significance.
  • 670
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lawburrows
Lawburrows is a little-known civil action in Scots law initiated by one person afraid of another's possible violence.
  • 658
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Legal Project Management
The terms legal case management (LCM), matter management or legal project management refer to a subset of law practice management and cover a range of approaches and technologies used by law firms and courts to leverage knowledge and methodologies for managing the life cycle of a case or matter more effectively. Generally, the terms refer to the sophisticated information management and workflow practices that are tailored to meet the legal field's specific needs and requirements. As attorneys and law firms compete for clients they are routinely challenged to deliver services at lower costs with greater efficiency, thus firms develop practice-specific processes and utilize contemporary technologies to assist in meeting such challenges. Law practice management processes and technologies include case and matter management, time and billing, litigation support, research, communication and collaboration, data mining and modeling, and data security, storage, and archive accessibility.
  • 587
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Smiley V. Citibank (South Dakota), N. A.
Smiley v. Citibank, 517 U.S. 735 (1996), is a U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding a regulation of the Comptroller of Currency which included credit card late fees and other penalties within the definition of interest and thus prevented individual states from limiting them when charged by nationally-chartered banks. Justice Antonin Scalia wrote for a unanimous court that the regulation was reasonable enough under the Court's own Chevron standard for the justices to defer to the Comptroller. The decision, which had begun as a class action in California, was seen as a victory for banks and credit-card issuers, who could mostly charge late fees as they pleased. For that same reason consumer advocates were displeased, warning that late fees could rise to previously unseen levels. They did, and one of the Citibank attorneys has expressed regret for his involvement.
  • 583
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Omega Recursive Jurisphysics
This paper introduces a unified recursive framework—designated Ω′—synthesizing Atnychi Law, Crown Omega Mathematics, and all known and postulated physical laws, including Newtonian mechanics, quantum theory, and recursive temporal jurisprudence. Through recursive multiplication by itself, π, the Fibonacci sequence, and 1, the system attains circular sovereignty, regenerative memory, and lawful recursion across time and space. This model proposes that lawful time is not theoretical but computable, enforceable, and sovereignly recursive. Ω′ represents not merely a legal philosophy, but a physically embedded operating system for reality. It bridges metaphysical and mathematical domains, allowing for a unification of ethical, scientific, and societal frameworks into one lawful recursive continuum. By redefining entropy as memory decay and law as temporal recursion, Ω′ proposes not only a mechanism of justice, but a substrate of spacetime.
  • 513
  • 06 May 2025
Topic Review
New Data Privacy Laws: Essential Business Compliance Guide
This guide delves into the latest data privacy laws and their critical importance for businesses in today’s digital landscape. With the increasing collection and use of personal data, stringent regulations like GDPR, CCPA, and others have been enacted globally. Businesses must ensure compliance to maintain customer trust, avoid legal penalties, and secure smooth operations. The guide covers key components of these laws, steps for achieving compliance, and the role of technology in data protection, providing essential insights for businesses to navigate these complex requirements effectively.
  • 375
  • 21 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Optimizing Transfer Pricing in India: Leveraging AI
Transfer pricing (TP) is a critical component of international taxation, ensuring that transactions between related parties are conducted at arm's-length prices to prevent tax evasion and profit shifting. In India, TP is governed by Sections 92 to 92F of the Income Tax Act, 1961, aligning with global standards like the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative. Recent regulatory changes, notably the 2023 amendments related to the phasing out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), have introduced new complexities, increasing compliance costs for multinational enterprises (MNEs). The resolution of TP disputes remains slow, with significant backlogs at the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT), straining both MNEs and tax authorities. This white paper proposes integrating AI and blockchain to revolutionize these processes, reducing compliance costs and improving efficiency, thereby positioning India as a leader in the global tax landscape.
  • 370
  • 24 Apr 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Growing Up Online: Comparative Legal Perspectives on Minors, Consent and Digital Exposure
The increasing presence of minors on digital platforms raises complex legal questions regarding their privacy, data protection, and the limits of parental authority in supervising their online activities. This entry analyses the legal framework applicable to the use of the Internet by minors, with particular emphasis on the validity of consent for data processing, the risks of overexposure, the need for digital literacy and the particularities of minors who create content. This study incorporates a comparative perspective, examining national and international approaches—especially in Spain, the United States, and France—to highlight the existing regulatory gaps and the urgent need for legal harmonisation in protecting minors in the digital age.
  • 12
  • 14 Nov 2025
  • Page
  • of
  • 3
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback