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Topic Review
Global Power Scenario
The massive growth in power demand and the sharp decay in the availability of conventional energy sources forces society to move toward renewable power consumption. The rise in renewable energy utilization is one of the greatest strategies involved in making the environment clean, green, and emission-free. The investment cost is slightly high for this kind of resource, but their running costsare very minimal, which encourages power producers to invest in renewable power plants. Power producers always focus on their economic profit and possible feasibilities before the investment in a new power plant setup. Wind, small hydro, and solar photovoltaics have been considered the foremost efficient and feasible renewable sources.
  • 795
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Technology
The role of cogeneration is currently essential in the field of energy efficiency measures. The fuel cell acts in cogeneration, i.e., both heat and electricity are produced from the same energy source, which is an innovative technology with very significant energy savings. 
  • 794
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Desulfurization and Denitrogenation to Prepare Clean Fuels
The removal of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds present in fuels is and will be crucial to accomplish actual strict regulations to avoid environmental and humanity health adversities. The conventional hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation processes conducted by refineries are limited due to severe operating conditions, and even more importantly, they are inefficient for simultaneously removing nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds in fuels.
  • 794
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Binary Power Cycles in Russia
The most effective and environmentally safe fossil fuel power production facilities are the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) ones. Electric efficiency of advanced facilities is up to 58% in Russia and up to 64% abroad. The further improvement of thermal efficiency by increase of the gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT) is limited by performance of heat resistance alloys that are used for the hot gas path components and the cooling system efficiency. An alternative method for the CCGT efficiency improvement is utilization of low potential heat of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) exhaust gas in an additional cycle operating on a low-boiling heat carrier. 
  • 792
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Applications in Buildings
The integration of distributed renewable energy technologies (such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)) into buildings, especially in space-constrained urban areas, offers sustainable energy and helps offset fossil-fuel-related carbon emissions. However, the intermittent nature of these distributed renewable energy sources can negatively impact the larger power grids. Efficient onsite energy storage solutions capable of providing energy continuously can address this challenge. Traditional large-scale energy storage methods like pumped hydro and compressed air energy have limitations due to geography and the need for significant space to be economically viable. In contrast, electrochemical storage methods like batteries offer more space-efficient options, making them well suited for urban contexts.
  • 790
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bioethanol Processing
The liquid biofuel bioethanol is extensively produced worldwide through the fermentation of sugars obtained from various raw materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, an abundant renewable resource. Due to its recalcitrant nature, lignocellulosic materials typically is pretreated using mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, or biological methods to enhance sugar recovery. The pretreated lignocellulosic biomass then undergoes a fermentation process, either sequentially or simultaneously with saccharification, resulting in the biofuel called second-generation ethanol. The ethanol yield is influenced by various fermentation strategies and conditions, such as inoculum concentration, medium agitation, temperature, and pH.
  • 784
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mechanism of Photovoltaic Potential Induced Degradation
Photovoltaic (PV) technology plays a crucial role in the transition towards a low-carbon energy system, but the potential-induced degradation (PID) phenomenon can significantly impact the performance and lifespan of PV modules. PID occurs when a high voltage potential difference exists between the module and ground, leading to ion migration and the formation of conductive paths. This results in reduced power output and poses a challenge for PV systems. 
  • 783
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Heat-to-Gas Renewable Routes
Innovative renewable routes are potentially able to sustain the transition to a decarbonized energy economy. Green synthetic fuels, including hydrogen and natural gas, are considered viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Indeed, they play a fundamental role in those sectors that are difficult to electrify (e.g., road mobility or high-heat industrial processes), are capable of mitigating problems related to flexibility and instantaneous balance of the electric grid, are suitable for large-size and long-term storage and can be transported through the gas network.
  • 779
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cheese Whey for Producing Renewable Biofuels
Agro-industrial residues such as bagasse, pomace, municipal residues, vinasse and cheese whey are an environmental problem around the world, mainly due to the huge volumes that are generated because of the food production to satisfy the nutritional needs of the growing world population. Among the above residues, cheese whey has gained special attention because of its high production with a worldwide production of 160 million tons per year. Most of it is discarded in water bodies and land causing damage to the environment due to the high biological oxygen demand caused by its organic matter load. The environmental regulations in developing countries have motivated the development of new processes to treat transform cheese whey into added-value products such as food supplements, cattle feed and food additives. 
  • 778
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Hydrocarbon Fluid Production Intensification
Analysis of existing studies has shown that under certain geological conditions it is possible to achieve a significant intensification of hydrocarbon production by local reaming of the well diameter in the productive interval. The paper has proposed that the new technology can increase the local well diameter by more than five times in a clearly defined interval. The peculiarity of the proposed technology is a two-stage process of well reaming.
  • 773
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Li/S Battery Design
Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cells that offer an ultrahigh theoretical specific energy of 2600 Wh/kg are considered one of the most promising next-generation rechargeable battery systems for the electrification of transportation. This review introduces electrode manufacturing and modeling methodologies to overcome the current technical issues. The prospects for rational modeling and manufacturing strategies are discussed, to establish a new design standard for Li/S batteries.
  • 772
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pyrolysis Technologies
Biomass-based solutions have been discussed as having the potential to replace fossil-based solutions in the iron and steel industry. To produce the biocarbon required in these processes, thermochemical treatment, pyrolysis, typically takes place. There are various ways to produce biocarbon, alongside other products, which are called pyrolysis oil and pyrolysis gas. These conversion methods can be divided into conventional and non-conventional methods.
  • 770
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Solar Thermal Technology in Buildings
Buildings account for a significant proportion of total energy consumption. The integration of renewable energy sources is essential to reducing energy demand and achieve sustainable building design. The use of solar energy has great potential for promoting energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of energy consumption in buildings.
  • 770
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gel Classifications
Gel materials are non-fluid colloidal or polymer networks saturated with liquid, exhibiting characteristics of solid materials as three-dimensional networks form within the liquid phase. Nanostructured gels provide a highly porous architecture with abundant defects, facilitating efficient mass transfer and offering opportunities for composition tunability in the generation of catalytic responsive materials. The ease of synthesis and functionalization of gel materials enables the production of hierarchical porous structures with high surface areas capable of hosting various catalysts, thereby enhancing mass transport during electrocatalysis processes.
  • 752
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivation Technologies for Bioenergetic System Development
Microalgal biomass is considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. 
  • 749
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lanthanum Ferrites-Based Exsolved Perovskites
Two-phase material consisting of a Ruddlesden–Popper-type structure and a solid oxide solution (e.g., α-Fe100-y-zCoyNizOx oxide) was syntheised and demonstrated as an anode for fuel flexible SOFC and as a functinal layer to enhance the fuel flexibility of commercial SOFCs.. 
  • 747
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Potential for Integrating Renewables into Vietnam's Isolated Grids
The reliability and vulnerability of isolated networks should be further attention, especially modern networks with high renewable energy integration.
  • 747
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characterisation and Development of Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines
Gasoline engines employing the spatially distributed auto-ignition combustion mode, known as controlled auto-ignition (CAI), are a prospective technology for significantly improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions.
  • 744
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Distributed Energy Technologies
Power plants related to distributed generation can be classified according to the type of primary energy: fossil fuel, nuclear or renewable energy, or waste heat. Combustion-based plants, depending on the type of fossil fuel, can be divided into those using natural gas, coal, peat, wood, oil, diesel, gasoline, etc. The most common fuels for 1–100 MW plants are natural gas, diesel and coal, as they have a significant heat value, are low-cost and are available in large quantities. In the case of natural gas or diesel, electricity can be generated using open cycles such as the Brayton, Otto and Diesel cycles. They can be implemented in gas turbine plants (GTPs), gas piston plants (GPPs) and diesel generator power (DGP) complexes. When using any organic fuel, a closed energy cycle implemented in steam turbine power plants (STPs) can be used. Closed power cycles on water or organic coolants can also be used to generate electricity from industrial waste heat.
  • 743
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Terpenic Feedstock as Fuels
“Drop-in” fuels, which can be blended with standard jet fuels without any modification to the current technology in any aspect and also extended to the automotive sector, would ensure a fast implementation into the fuel market. Until today, only six alternative fuels for aircraft have been accepted for blending with jet fuel and mainly biodiesel, bioethanol, and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils for automotive fuel. In the case of aircraft fuel, some examples of incorporation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) blended with jet fuel are known, but over 5 mg/kg of FAME cannot be used for specific technical reasons. The decarboxylation of fatty acids has produced potential aircraft biofuels, but these have poor cold flow behavior. For fuels derived from the petrochemical industry, aromatic and other cyclic hydrocarbons efficiently increase the fuel density with little loss of gravimetric energy density. However, most alternative fuels have to be blended with their respective standard fuel in order to meet the density requirements. In addition to jet fuels, specialty military fuels have even more demanding density requirements, including the gravimetric net heating value, freezing and flash point, and storage stability, among others. It is essential to evaluate the feedstock sources, extraction, conversion, quality, and final use of biofuels in order to achieve new sustainable and industrially feasible biofuels. One of the most promising feedstocks is terpenic waste.
  • 736
  • 20 Mar 2023
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