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Topic Review
The Genetics of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (together PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from chromaffin tissue and produce catecholamines. Approximately 40% of cases of PPGL carry a germline mutation, suggesting that they have a high degree of heritability. The underlying mutation influences the PPGL clinical presentation such as cell differentiation, specific catecholamine production, tumor location, malignant potential and genetic anticipation, which helps to better understand the clinical course and tailor treatment accordingly. Genetic testing for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma allows an early detection of hereditary syndromes and facilitates a close follow-up of high-risk patients.
  • 741
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tenascin-C-Targeted Drug Delivery
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that participates in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation. TNC is expressed at a low level in healthy adult tissues, yet it is upregulated substantially and specifically in response to tissue injury.
  • 741
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tumor Heterogeneity in ESCC
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common and aggressive malignancy, with hitherto dismal clinical outcome. Genomic analyses of patient samples reveal a complex heterogeneous landscape for ESCC, which presents in both intertumor and intratumor forms, manifests at both genomic and epigenomic levels, and contributes significantly to tumor evolution, drug resistance, and metastasis.
  • 740
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Metformin for Lung Cancer
Metformin is an oral biguanide which has been first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes for several years, however, research has showed that patients undergoing treatment with metformin have a decreased risk for cancer. Interestingly, the compund exhibits a considerable number of antitumor effects which could potentially improve lung cancer treatment. Nonetheless, data regarding the use of metformin as part of the therapeutic scheme for patients with lung cancer has been inconsistent to date. One of the points that the current literature fails to address is the differential effects of metformin in lean vs. obese subjects, which is well established in its use for diabetes, as well as its newly described mechanism of action which depends on redox status of the tumor cell.
  • 740
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies in Advanced BTCs
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of adenocarcinomas characterized by presentation with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of the current treatment that provides limited survival benefit, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic agents and strategies. Next-generation sequencing-based molecular profiling has shed light on the underpinnings of the complex pathophysiology of BTC and has uncovered numerous actionable targets, leading to the discovery of new therapies tailored to the molecular targets. Therapies targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) fusion, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, and BRAF mutations have produced early encouraging results in selected patients. Current clinical trials evaluating targeted therapies, as monotherapies and in combination with other agents, are paving the way for novel treatment options. Genomic profiling of cell-free circulating tumor DNA that can assist in the identification of an actionable target is another exciting area of development. The present article provides an overview of a precision medicine centered evolving paradigm of BTC treatment.
  • 739
  • 12 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Silymarin
Silymarin (SLM) is a health-food active ingredient that is good for immunosuppression and tumor suppression.
  • 739
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
MiRNA Epitranscriptomic Modifications in Cancer
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, acting as post-transcriptional regula- tors of gene expression. In the last two decades, their role in cancer as oncogenes (oncomir), as well as tumor suppressors, has been extensively demonstrated. Recently, epitranscriptomics, namely the study of RNA modifications, has emerged as a new field of great interest, being an additional layer in the regulation of gene expression. Almost all classes of eukaryotic RNAs, including miRNAs, undergo epitranscriptomic modifications. Alterations of RNA modification pathways have been de- scribed for many diseases—in particular, in the context of malignancies. 
  • 739
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Application of Nanoparticles in Immunotherapy
Natural killer（NK） cells are a part of the native immune response to cancer. NK cell-based immunotherapies are an emerging strategy to kill tumor cells. 
  • 738
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Angiocrine Factors Control Tumor Progression
A solid tumor mass consists not only of cancer cells, but of numerous other resident and infiltrating cells and the extracellular matrix, which together form the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME contains three main cell entities: fibroblasts, immune cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells control their microenvironment through the expression of membrane-bound and secreted factors. Such angiocrine functions are frequently hijacked by cancer cells, which deregulate the signaling pathways controlling the expression of angiocrine factors.
  • 737
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathways
Cancer is a category of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade other parts of the body. Chemotherapy is the most widely used first-line treatment for multiple forms of cancer. Chemotherapeutic agents act via targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway. However, cancer cells usually acquire chemoresistance, leading to poor outcomes in cancer patients. For that reason, it is imperative to discover other cell death pathways for improved cancer intervention. Pyroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death that commonly occurs upon pathogen invasion. Pyroptosis is marked by cell swelling and plasma membrane rupture, which results in the release of cytosolic contents into the extracellular space. Currently, pyroptosis is proposed to be an alternative mode of cell death in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence shows that the key components of pyroptotic cell death pathways, including inflammasomes, gasdermins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Interfering with pyroptotic cell death pathways may represent a promising therapeutic option for cancer management. 
  • 737
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Metformin in Immunosuppressed Ovarian Cancer
Growing evidence suggests that the immune component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) may play a significant role in the progression of the disease. The poor prognosis of HGSOC necessitates development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. The type 2 diabetes medication, metformin, has been associated with significant improvement to overall survival in a number of retrospective clinical analyses. Recent data summarized here suggest that metformin may provide such a benefit through modulating the immune TME of HGSOC.
  • 735
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Children
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents a paradigm of precision medicine.
  • 735
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids
The emergence of three-dimensional human organoids has opened the door for the development of patient-derived cancer organoid (PDO) models, which closely recapitulate parental tumor tissue. 
  • 735
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. About 90% of PDAC cases are diagnosed in patients older than 55 years, and with increased longevity in the general population PDAC burden is expected to rise. Still, the survival is abysmal, with a 5-year survival rate of 8.2%.
  • 735
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Blood–Brain Barrier and Drug Efflux Pumps
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most difficult tumors to treat. The one of major obstacle in GBM treatment is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which prevents effective delivery of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). Another key player impeding drug delivery into the CNS is the family of drug efflux pumps and more specifically the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. 
  • 735
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy for Ophthalmic Malignancies
Intraocular solid malignancy biopsy is usually not performed due to the risk and fear of extraocular extension. Recently, liquid biopsy has gained in popularity in this field. Liquid biopsy allows the diagnosis of intraocular malignancies as well as its monitoring in retinoblastoma. Liquid biopsy may help the clinican to better understand the metastatic spread, especially in uveal melanoma.
  • 734
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bone Metastasis
       The following paragraph resumes and accurately describes the process of metastasis, focusing on the breast to bone one. We will briefly illustrate the composition of the pre-metastatic niche and explain the involment of healthy bone cells in the metastasis establishment. This short intro is extracted from a review article which aim is to discuss the current available 3D models used to study the metastasis process.
  • 734
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
HCV and Hepatic Extracellular Matrix
Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases, predisposing to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis is characterized by an overly abundant accumulation of components of the hepatic extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, with consequences on the properties of this microenvironment and cancer initiation and growth. This review will provide an update on mechanistic concepts of HCV-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and early stages of carcinogenesis, with a dissection of the molecular details of the cross-talk during disease progression between hepatocytes, the extracellular matrix and hepatic stellate cells.
  • 733
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Head and Neck Cancer
In head and neck cancer, early studies in nanotechnology have been designed to overcome the lack of the specificity of conventional chemotherapeutic agents to target cancer cells. Nanoformulation will have a significant impact in the future of oncology treatment due to the potential to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy while reduce the toxicities by enhancing drug stability, solubility and bioavailability. Further researches into higher-specificity tumor targets and more efficient drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology are needed in order to achieve the ultimate goal of personalized medicine.
  • 732
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stem Cell Theory of Cancer
The stem cell theory of cancer predicates that both normal and cancer stem cells can be induced into or released from dormancy depending on their multipotential constraints and microenvironment restraints. A unified theory of cancer predicts that even though genetic makeup in cancer dormancy maybe pivotal, cellular context must be paramount. After all, both normal stem cells and cancer stem cells proliferate and differentiate. They can be stationary and migratory. They can be static and dynamic. Importantly, gonadal germ cells are prototype stem cells and germ cell tumor of the testis (TGCT) is a model stem cell cancer.
  • 732
  • 09 Feb 2022
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