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Topic Review
Combine Spirulina platensis and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combining various types of antiretroviral drugs that are dependent on the infected person’s viral load. HAART helps regulate the viral load and prevents its associated symptoms from progressing into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite its success in prolonging HIV-infected patients’ lifespans, the use of HAART promotes metabolic syndrome (MetS) through an inflammatory pathway, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green microalgae commonly used as a traditional food by Mexican and African people, has been demonstrated to mitigate MetS by regulating oxidative and inflammatory pathways. SP is also a potent antioxidant that has been shown to exhibit immunological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. 
  • 888
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Black Raspberry Extract
Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been widely known to be able to prevent incidence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and dyslipidemia. Black rasbperry (BR) polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, have a variety of biological functions. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of excessive choline intake on serum lipid profile and inflammation in rats fed high-fat diet and to evaluate the protective effect of polyphenols including anthocyanins in BR.
  • 887
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Health Effects of Selected Supplement
Dietary supplements are products containing nutrients sold in various medicinal forms, and their widespread use may stem from the conviction that a preparation that looks like a drug must have therapeutic properties. The aim of this scoping review is to present what is known about the effects of using selected dietary supplements in the context of chronic diseases, as well as the risks associated with their use. The literature shows that the taking of vitamin and mineral supplements by healthy people neither lowers their risk of cardiovascular diseases nor prevents the development of malignancies. Many scientific societies recognize that omega-3 fatty acids lower blood triglycerides, but whether taking them prevents heart disease is less clear-cut. Taking weight loss supplements is not an effective method of fighting obesity. Often, some supplements are increasingly sold illegally, which is then also associated with the higher risk that they may be adulterated with banned substances, thus making them even more dangerous and potentially life-threatening. Supplements are necessary in cases of nutrient deficiency; however, even though prescription is not required, their use should be recommended and monitored by a physician. 
  • 887
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Precision Nutrition and Cancer Relapse
Precision nutrition is an emerging science that relies on well-established factors such as genetic and epigenetic variation.  Advances in genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are improving our understanding regarding cancer metabolic diversity, resulting in detailed classifications of tumors and raising the effectiveness of precision medicine. Likewise, the growing knowledge of interactions between nutrients and the expression of certain genes could lead to cancer therapies based on precision nutrition strategies. 
  • 886
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutraceuticals in Viral Infection
Nutraceuticals, including vitamin D, vitamin A, zinc, lactoferrin, polyphenols coenzyme Q, magnesium, and selenium, are implicated in the modulation of the complex molecular pathways involved in the immune response against viral pathogens. A common element of the activity of nutraceuticals is their ability to enhance the innate immune response against pathogens by acting on the major cellular subsets and inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. In some cases, this action is accompanied by a direct antimicrobial effect, as evidenced in the specific case of lactoferrin. Furthermore, nutraceuticals act through complex molecular mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by the activation of the immune system against pathogens, reducing the oxidative damage, influencing the antigen presentation, enhancing the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory T cells, driving the differentiation of lymphocyte subsets, and modulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • 885
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet and Cardiac Substrate Metabolism
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a carbohydrate-reduced diet that results in a substantial increase in the level of circulating ketone bodies. The KD has for decades been used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy in children and it is also used as an adjuvant treatment to obtain seizure control in adults with epilepsy.  The ketogen diet has been proposed as an effective intervention for type 2 diabetes and obesity since glycemic control is improved and sustained weight loss can be achieved. Interestingly, hyperketonemia is also associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects, possibly caused by improved cardiac energetics and reduced oxygen use. 
  • 881
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Infant and Young Child Feeding
Appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF, comprising of breastfeeding and complementary feeding) play important roles in optimal child growth and development. This is because appropriate breastfeeding is associated with a lower prevalence of childhood diarrhea , upper respiratory tract infection and obesity, and maternal diseases like diabetes mellitus. Additionally, appropriate complementary feeding is associated with a reduced risk of undernutrition (i.e., underweight, stunting, and/or wasting). Despite the benefits of appropriate IYCF, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still report higher prevalence of inappropriate IYCF. In India, inappropriate IYCF practices have contributed to childhood malnutrition contributing to about 68% of the under five deaths and 83% of the neonatal deaths . Inappropriate IYCF was the underlying source for an estimated 0.9 million under-five deaths in 2016. Inappropriate IYCF are feeding behaviors that do not meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/UNICEF) indicators for assessing IYCF practices. Core WHO/UNICEF recommendations include the initiation of breastfeeding for newborns within the first hour of birth, followed by exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of birth, and continued breastfeeding for up to two years and more, with nutritionally-balanced and safe complementary foods introduced to the infant when the child is six months old.
  • 880
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome
The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes biomarkers such as an increase in triglycerides, a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and impaired glucose. However, the alteration of these biomarkers occurs when the condition is already in place; for this reason, it is necessary to identify biomarkers capable of predicting the manifestations related to MetS in advance in order to implement measures to avoid its appearance.
  • 879
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Neurodevelopment
There is a lot of interest in and buzz around improving brain potential (neurodevelopment) of our children. Various types of nutrition supplements are therefore advised/consumed to boost neurodevelopment, often without proper scientific evidence. India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The first 1000 days (conception to 2 years) are very critical for the growth and development of a child. Maternal nutrition during this time impacts the development of brain structure and function. Thus poor maternal diets (lacking in important nutrients) can result in delayed brain development and diseases in the offspring. Higher intake of a specific fat type known as long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (especially DHA) has been linked to better motor and mental development. The main dietary source of DHA is fatty fish and marine oils. Indian diets are largely DHA-deficient and the population levels of plasma DHA among Indians are reported to be very low. There are no harmful effects of consuming DHA during pregnancy or lactation. Thus we carried out a high quality rigorous randomized controlled trial (#DHANI trial*) supplementing 957 pregnant Indian women with either DHA or placebo capsules to examine how DHA impacts the brain development of the offspring. These capsules were given from <20 weeks of gestation to 6 months postpartum. The infants born to these supplemented mothers were tested using a standardized non-invasive tool called the Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian infants (DASII). This provides a developmental quotient (DQ) score taking the mental and motor development into consideration. Our published study* provides evidence that the maternal supplementation through pregnancy and lactation with DHA did not benefit their infant’s neurodevelopment at one year of age. Deeper insights into maternal dietary patterns, young child feeding practices, home environment, and the interactions amongst these factors are warranted to understand what shapes early neurodevelopment. Ongoing follow-up is needed, particularly given the ubiquity of DHA-supplemented health drinks, formulas and foods for children for touted cognitive enhancements in Indian markets.
  • 878
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Old Patients' Cytokines and Appetite
There are few data on the longitudinal association of cytokine and appetite among older hospitalized patients. We aimed to investigate the impact of the changes of inflammatory cytokines on appetite in older hospitalized patients. A total of 191 patients (mean age 81.3 ± 6.6 years, 64% women) participated in this prospective longitudinal observational study. Appetite was evaluated using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System on admission and after seven days. Serum cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23 and IL-33, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MCP-1 were measured both times. No significant differences in the mean serum levels of all the cytokines could be detected overtime in relation to appetite changes, except for IL-18. Appetite significantly deteriorated overtime in patients with increasing IL-18 levels and improved in those without significant changes in IL-18 levels. In a stepwise regression analysis, changes of IL-18 levels were the major independent predictor for the changes of patients’ appetite and explained 4% of the variance, whereas other cytokines and variables, such as age, sex, infection and disease, did not show any impact on appetite changes. We conclude that IL-18 seems to exert a significant impact on appetite in acutely ill older hospitalized patients and should, therefore, be considered as a potential target in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of malnutrition.
  • 878
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori Infection, Clinical Features and Nutritional Aspects
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a 0.5–1 µm wide, 2–4 µm long, short helical, S-shaped Gram-negative microorganism. It is mostly found in the pyloric region of the stomach and causes chronic gastric infection. It is estimated that these bacteria infect more than half of the world’s population. The mode of transmission and infection of H. pylori is still not known exactly, but the faecal–oral and oral–oral routes via water or food consumption are thought to be a very common cause.
  • 876
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics as Potential Therapy in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence, especially in Western countries. Supplementation with probiotics, live microorganisms, is a potential strategy for the management of NAFLD.
  • 876
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Complications of Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Although home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) can be life-saving therapies, they are also associated with complications that can be life threatening. An awareness of these complications and close monitoring is essential for prevention and identification of these problems.
  • 875
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Spirulina (Arthrospira)
Spirulina (Arthrospira) is a cyanobacteria considered to be a blue-green microalga that has historically been consumed by North Africans and Mexicans because of its nutritional value, containing 60–70% protein by dry weight and bioactive compounds (Neyrinck, Taminiau et al. 2017). The currently preferred name for the genus Spirulina is Arthrospira, while spirulina is referring generically to biomass preparations of the microalga. Arthrospira species are abundant in tropical and subtropical areas with carbonate and bicarbonate-rich alkaline water bodies (Richmond and Hu 2013). They contain high concentrations of antioxidants (β-carotene and phycocyanin), minerals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn), vitamins (tocopherols), eight essential amino acids, PUFAs (especially γ-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-6)), and phenolic compounds (Neyrinck, Taminiau et al. 2017). Nowadays, spirulina is used as a nutritional dietary supplement, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory activity, and its intake is recommended for individuals with pathologies and conditions such as arterial hypertension, IR and diabetes among others. 
  • 874
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Diet in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring the role of food/nutrients in both the risk of developing these conditions in normal subjects and the natural history of the disease in patients with established RMDs. Diet may be a possible facilitator of RMDs due to both the direct pro-inflammatory properties of some nutrients and the indirect action on insulin resistance, obesity and associated co-morbidities. A consistent body of research has been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce and have been conducted mainly on experimental models of the disease.
  • 872
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Dairy Products for Preventing Osteoporosis
Breast milk is the best infant food, but milk should not be avoided later in life to prevent losing bone mass. On the other hand, more and more people limit their milk consumption and consume other dairy or non-dairy products. For example, they are usually replaced with plant beverages, which should be consumed carefully in several age groups. Additionally, an important element of milk and dairy products, as well as plant beverages, are probiotics and prebiotics, which may modulate bone turnover. Dietary recommendations focused on milk, and dairy products are an important element for the prevention of osteoporosis.
  • 872
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Designing Diets Using Linear Optimization
Low-carbon diets can counteract climate change and promote health if they are nutritionally adequate, affordable and culturally acceptable. This study aimed at developing sustainable diets and to compare these with the EAT-Lancet diet. The Swedish national dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–2017 was used as the baseline. Diets were optimized using linear programming for four dietary patterns: omnivores, pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans. The deviation from the baseline Riksmaten diet was minimized for all optimized diets while fulfilling nutrient and climate footprint constraints. Constraining the diet-related carbon dioxide equivalents of omnivores to 1.57 kg/day resulted in a diet associated with a reduction of meat, dairy products, and processed foods and an increase in potatoes, pulses, eggs and seafood. Climate-friendly, nutritionally adequate diets for pescatarians, vegetarians and vegans contained fewer foods and included considerable amounts of fortified dairy and meat substitutes. The optimized diets did not align very well with the food-group pattern of the EAT-Lancet diet. These findings suggest how to design future diets that are climate-friendly, nutritionally adequate, affordable, and culturally acceptable for Swedish adolescents with different dietary patterns. The discrepancies with the EAT diet indicate that the cultural dietary context is likely to play an important role in characterizing sustainable diets for specific populations.
  • 871
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cannabinoids/Endocannabinoid Control of Food Intake
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity.
  • 869
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Enteral Nutrition in IBD Patients
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and is characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the possible treatments for this pathology is a change in the type of diet, of which enteral nutrition (EN) is one.
  • 868
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance.
  • 868
  • 17 Jan 2022
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