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Topic Review
Limited Access to Drug in Malaria Control
Malaria burden has severe impact on the world. Several arsenals, including the use of antimalarials, are in place to curb the malaria burden. Limited access to drugs ensures that patients do not get the right doses of the antimalarials in order to have an effective plasma concentration to kill the malaria parasites, which leads to treatment failure and overall reduction in malaria control via increased transmission rate. 
  • 616
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B
The knowledge of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its natural history is important to facilitate an accurate management of the chronic HBV infection (CHB). The major concepts are: (a) once infection occurs, HBV persists in almost all infected individuals, even after Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) clearance; (b) the interplay between HBV and the host’s immune system is the driving force of the outcomes of HBV infection; and (c) a minor proportion of HBV carriers develop progressive liver disease and eventually die because of complications of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • 615
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microorganisms Affect Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Patients
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a primary inherited immunodeficiency disease that presents before the age of three months and can be fatal. It is usually due to opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa resulting in a decrease in number and impairment in the function of T and B cells. Microorganisms can affect SCID Patients' condition.
  • 615
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain.
  • 608
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
How to Identify Invasive Candidemia in ICU
The incidence of invasive fungal infection in ICUs has increased over time, and Candida spp. is the most common cause. Critical care patients are a particular set of patients with a higher risk of invasive fungal infections; this population is characterized by extensive use of medical devices such as central venous lines, arterial lines, bladder catheters, hemodialysis and mechanical intubation. Blood cultures are the gold standard diagnosis; still, they are not an early diagnostic technique. Mannan, anti-mannan antibody, 1,3-β-D-glucan, Candida albicans germ tube antibody, Vitek 2, PNA-FISH, MALDI-TOF, PCR and T2Candida panel are diagnostic promising microbiological assays. Scoring systems are tools to distinguish patients with low and high risk of infection. They can be combined with diagnostic tests to select patients for pre-emptive treatment or antifungal discontinuation.
  • 600
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Bacterial Lung Infections
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that.
  • 600
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes' Signaling Pathways in Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing
Impaired healing of diabetic wounds harms patients’ quality of life and even leads to disability and death, which is an urgent issue to be solved clinically. Exosomes have attracted special attention because they can be involved in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, tumor invasion and other processes. The signaling pathways that exosomes modulate to accelerate diabetic wound healing include PI3K/Akt, Wnt, NF-κB, MAPK, Notch, Nrf2, HIF-1α/VEGF, TGF-β/Smad and so on.
  • 598
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Management of Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Since its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Biofilm production is a key aspect of MRSA’s ability to invade, spread, and resist antimicrobial treatments. Environmental factors, such as suboptimal antibiotics, pH, temperature, and tissue oxygen levels, enhance biofilm formation. Biofilms are intricate bacterial structures with dense organisms embedded in polysaccharides, promoting their resilience. The process involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and eventually disassembly or dispersion. MRSA’s biofilm formation has a complex molecular foundation, involving genes like icaADBC, fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, atl, agr, sarA, sarZ, sigB, sarX, psm, icaR, and srtA. Recognizing pivotal genes for biofilm formation has led to potential therapeutic strategies targeting elemental and enzymatic properties to combat MRSA biofilms. 
  • 597
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Joining Forces against Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern that affects both human and animal populations. The One Health approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and coordination across these sectors to tackle complex health challenges such as antibiotic resistance.
  • 594
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Flaviviruses Immunity on ZIKV Vaccine
The Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated from a rhesus macaque in the Zika forest of Uganda in 1947. Isolated cases were reported until 2007, when the first major outbreaks of Zika infection were reported from the Island of Yap in Micronesia and from French Polynesia in 2013. In 2015, ZIKV started to circulate in Latin America, and in 2016, ZIKV was considered by WHO to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to cases of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), a ZIKV-associated complication never observed before. After a peak of cases in 2016, the infection incidence dropped dramatically but still causes concern because of the associated microcephaly cases, especially in regions where the dengue virus (DENV) is endemic and co-circulates with ZIKV. A vaccine could be an important tool to mitigate CZS in endemic countries. However, the immunological relationship between ZIKV and other flaviviruses, especially DENV, and the low numbers of ZIKV infections are potential challenges for developing and testing a vaccine against ZIKV.
  • 593
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Insight on Infections in Diabetic Setting
The correlation between diabetes mellitus and infectious diseases is widely recognized. DM patients are characterized by the impaired function of the immune system. This translates into the occurrence of a variety of infections, including urinary tract, skin and surgical site infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and, more recently, SARS-CoV-2.
  • 593
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Adolescents
Children and adolescents living with HIV continue to be impacted disproportionately by tuberculosis as compared to peers without HIV. HIV can impact tuberculosis (TB) screening and diagnosis by altering screening and diagnostic test performance and can complicate prevention and treatment strategies due to drug–drug interactions. Post-tuberculosis lung disease is an underappreciated phenomenon in children and adolescents, but is more commonly observed in children and adolescents with HIV-associated tuberculosis.
  • 587
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Principles of Rational COVID-19 Therapy in Pediatrics
A structural analysis of the range of drugs and treatment strategies in the context of etiotropic, pathogenetic, and symptomatic therapy has shown that in the global context and in real clinical practice, the etiotropic-pathogenetic approach based on information about the effectiveness of individual medical technologies prevails today. It has been established that eight international nonproprietary/grouping names are present in international practice as means of etiotropic therapy for pediatric patients with COVID-19, and 18 positions are used for pathogenetic therapy. In terms of frequency of occurrence, the leading positions are occupied by remdesivir and the combination of nirmatrelvir with ritonavir, as well as dexamethasone and tocilizumab.
  • 587
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and Crohn’s Disease
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of Johne’s disease (JD), which is a chronic infectious gastrointestinal disease of ruminants and is often fatal. In humans, MAP has been associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) for over a century, without conclusive evidence of pathogenicity. Numerous researchers have contributed to the subject, but there is still a need for evidence of the causation of CD by MAP.
  • 587
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapy in Children with Hematological Malignancies
Targeted therapy differs from the conventional cytotoxic therapy in its specificity of targeted pathways that can halt the growth and spread of cancer cells rather than killing indiscriminately every rapidly dividing cell. Since 1985 when the first agent targeting antigens on the surface of lymphocytes was approved (muromonab-CD3), a multitude of such therapies have been used in children with hematologic malignancies. 
  • 586
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening, toxin-mediated infectious process linked, in the vast majority of cases, to toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • 583
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
High-Dose Nebulized Colistin Methanesulfonate in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to difficult-to-treat-resistant (DTR) Gram-negative bacteria, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in ICUs. In the era of COVID-19, the incidences of secondary nosocomial pneumonia and the demand for invasive mechanical ventilation have increased dramatically with extremely high attributable mortality. Treatment options for DTR pathogens are limited. Therefore, an increased interest in high-dose nebulized colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), defined as a nebulized dose above 6 million IU (MIU), has come into sight. 
  • 580
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
ApiAP2 Transcription Factors as Malaria Control Drug Targets
The complex life cycle of the malaria parasite Plasmodium requires the parasite to adequately adapt to different conditions. For this reason, Plasmodium strictly controls its gene expression, and given its evolutionary distance from the human host, the involved factors may figure as attractive potential drug targets. In recent years, several unique transcription factors and chromatin modifiers have been identified and partially characterized in Plasmodium falciparum and in the murine species P. yoelii and P. berghei. Due to their structural differences compared with human factors, they may be attractive drug targets. 
  • 580
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
TDM-Guided Recommendations in Septic Critically Ill Patients
Optimizing the entire therapeutic regimen in septic critically ill patients should be based not only on improving antibiotic use but also on optimizing the entire therapeutic regimen by considering possible drug–drug or drug–nutrient interactions. There are reports of endocarditis, meningitis, peritonitis, or pneumonia associated with probiotics in critically ill patients. In addition, probiotics are associated with risk of the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided method ensures a true optimization of antibiotic therapy, and particular efforts should be applied globally.
  • 577
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide as a Therapeutic Agent against SARS-CoV-2
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in both the cardiopulmonary and immune systems, which has already been reported as a worthy candidate for use in the treatment of human coronavirus infections, including COVID-19, because of its antivirus activity and its beneficial effects in the treatment of clinical complications in patients. In fact, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), as a potent vasodilator, was approved to improve oxygenation in term and near-term neonates, and has been used in clinical settings. Along with its putative antiviral affect, iNO can reduce inflammatory cell-mediated lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil activation, lowering pulmonary vascular resistance, and decreasing edema in the alveolar spaces, thus collectively enhancing ventilation/perfusion matching.
  • 577
  • 20 Dec 2023
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