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Topic Review
Glioblastoma Immunotherapy
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor with dismal survival and poor response to conventional therapies. Therefore, the development of immunotherapy for GBM treatment is necessary. 
  • 804
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Degranulation of Mast Cells as Drug Development Target
Mast cells act as key effector cells of inflammatory responses through degranulation. Mast cell degranulation is induced by the activation of cell surface receptors, such as FcεRI, MRGPRX2/B2, and P2RX7. Each receptor, except FcεRI, varies in its expression pattern depending on the tissue, which contributes to their differing involvement in inflammatory responses depending on the site of occurrence. 
  • 804
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Leukemia-Initiating Cells and Leukemic Niches in T-ALL
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive subtype of hematological malignancy characterized by its high heterogeneity and potentially life-threatening clinical features. It has shown the indispensable effects of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) and leukemic niches on T-ALL initiation and progression. These milestones greatly facilitate precision medicine by interfering with the pathways that are associated with LICs and leukemic niches or by targeting themselves directly. Most of these novel agents, either alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, have shown promising preclinical results, facilitating them to be further evaluated under clinical trials. 
  • 803
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Sepsis
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection. Several studies on mouse and patient sepsis samples have revealed that the level of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the blood is altered compared to healthy controls, but the different functions of EVs during sepsis pathology are not yet completely understood. Sepsis EVs are described as modulators of inflammation, lymphocyte apoptosis, coagulation and organ dysfunction. Furthermore, EVs can influence clinical outcome and it is suggested that EVs can predict survival. Both detrimental and beneficial roles for EVs have been described in sepsis, depending on the EV cellular source and the disease phase during which the EVs are studied.
  • 803
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune Stimulation Mechanism of Aluminum Phosphate
Aluminum phosphate is a compound of hydroxy-aluminum phosphate, similar to aluminum hydroxide, and the hydroxyl group on its surface can also lose or gain protons under different pH conditions, thus changing the surface charge. Aluminum phosphate can reduce the effective dose for inducing protective immune response against Lactobacillus mexicana of plasmid DNA.
  • 803
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Neutropenia
Animal models of neutropenia are indispensable tools in biomedical research, offering unique insights into the causes, mechanisms, and potential treatments for this hematologic disorder. Neutropenia, characterized by a decreased number of neutrophils in the blood, can result from diverse factors, including chemotherapy, genetic mutations, autoimmune processes, and infections. Understanding these varied etiologies necessitates the use of different animal models, each tailored to specific research goals. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is a critical concern in cancer treatment, and mouse and rat models provide valuable platforms for studying drug-induced hematopoietic toxicity. These models enable precise control over drug exposure and dose, facilitating the development of supportive therapies. Genetic neutropenias, often associated with specific mutations, are investigated using murine and zebrafish models. These models allow researchers to replicate genetic conditions and explore potential therapeutic targets. Immune-mediated neutropenias, characterized by autoimmune responses against neutrophils, are studied in mice and non-human primates, providing insights into the immunopathological mechanisms involved and the testing of immunosuppressive interventions. Infection-induced neutropenia models, employing mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies, help elucidate host-pathogen interactions and the impact of infections on neutrophil production. By harnessing the strengths of these diverse animal models, scientists can deepen their understanding of neutropenia, advancing diagnostics and treatments for this clinically significant condition.
  • 802
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TMDC Nanozymes: Application Perspective
Applications of TMDC NZs in different fields—starting from biosensing to different treatment fields like antibacterial, anti-inflammation activity and cancer therapy—are discussed in more details. 
  • 801
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulation, Bioavailability and Safety of Bacteriocins
Bacteriocins can help in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Moreover, bacteriocins can be obtained in prokaryotic organisms, and contribute s to their widespread use. While the use of bacteriocins is currently limited to the food industry (for example, nisin is used as a preservative, E234), a large number of studies on their microbicidal properties suggest that their use in medicine may increase in the foreseeable future. However, for the successful use of bacteriocins in medicine, it is necessary to understand their effect on the immune system, especially in cases where immunity is weakened due to infectious processes, oncological, allergic, or autoimmune diseases. Studies on the immuno-modulatory activity of bacteriocins in animal models and human cells have revealed their ability to induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors involved in the implementation of innate immunity. The influence of bacteriocins on acquired immunity is revealed by an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes with a simultaneous decrease in B-lymphocyte levels, which makes them attractive substances for reducing inflammation. The widespread use of bacteriocins in the food industry, their low toxicity, and their broad and narrow specificity are reasons for researchers to pay attention to their immunomodulatory properties and explore their medical applications. Inflammation regulation by bacteriocins can be used in the treatment of various pathologies.
  • 799
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targeting of Tumor Collagen
The tumor stroma, which comprises stromal cells and non-cellular elements, is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the stroma may promote tumor progression and metastasis and dictate resistance to established cancer therapies. Therefore, novel antitumor approaches should combine anticancer and anti-stroma strategies targeting dysregulated tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodeling is a hallmark of solid tumors, leading to extensive biochemical and biomechanical changes, affecting cell signaling and tumor tissue three-dimensional architecture. Increased deposition of fibrillar collagen is the most distinctive alteration of the tumor ECM. Consequently, several anticancer therapeutic strategies have been developed to reduce excessive tumor collagen deposition.
  • 798
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diet, Inflammation & Youth
In children and adolescents, chronic low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of co- and multi-morbid conditions to mental health disorders. Diet quality is a potential mechanism of action that can exacerbate or ameliorate low-grade inflammation. A good quality diet, high in vegetable and fruit intake, wholegrains, fibre and healthy fats ameliorates low-grade inflammation, and therefore represents a promising therapeutic approach, as well as an important element for disease prevention in both children and adolescents.
  • 796
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The IFN–JAK–STAT AXIS in Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy
The JAK-STAT pathway is a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module regulated by a wide array of extracellular signals including cytokines and growth factors, as well as cell-intrinsic mutations/alterations. Among all those upstream signals, interferons (IFNs), especially IFN-α/β (belonging to type I IFNs: IFN-Is) and IFN-γ (the only member in type II IFN), are the most widely studied. With their pleiotropic immunological activities in almost all known pathophysiological settings, we discussed the role of the IFN-JAK-STAT axis in radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapies (IOs), two major pillars of cancer care. 
  • 796
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
TAM Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease
TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that are expressed in a variety of cell populations, including liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells These receptors are vital for immune homeostasis, as they regulate the innate immune response by suppressing inflammation via toll-like receptor inhibition and by promoting tissue resolution through efferocytosis. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that aberrant TAM receptor signaling may play a role in pathophysiological processes in the context of liver disease. This review will explore the roles of TAM receptors and their ligands in liver homeostasis as well as a variety of disease settings, including acute liver injury, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction and hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of our current knowledge of TAM receptors in liver disease may identify new opportunities for disease monitoring as well as novel therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, this review also aims to highlight areas where further research on TAM receptor biology in liver disease is required.
  • 796
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alarmins and MicroRNAs in Genesis of Respiratory Diseases
Alarmins support the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases as asthma through ferroptosis and the axis composed of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33. The mechanisms supporting the development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases and the role of HMBG1 and IL-33 are described.
  • 796
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunoglobulins in Brief
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are integral components of the immune system, serving as versatile molecules that play a central role in adaptive immunity. This research explores the diverse world of immunoglobulins, from their structure and classification to their functions, production, and therapeutic applications. 
  • 795
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hyperglycemia Induces Inflammatory Response
Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can induce inflammatory programming of macrophages. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 controls inflammation by the internalization and degradation of hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes built due to intravascular hemolysis. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between impaired scavenging of Hb-Hp complexes via CD163 and diabetic vascular complications. Hyperglycemia induces an inflammatory response of innate immune cells to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake, converting the silent Hb-Hp complex clearance that prevents vascular damage into an inflammatory process, hereby increasing the susceptibility of diabetic patients to vascular complications.
  • 794
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Single Domain Antibody in Medicine
The camelid-derived single chain antibody (sdAb), also termed VHH or nanobody, is a unique, functional heavy (H)-chain antibody (HCAb). In contrast to conventional antibodies, sdAb is a unique antibody fragment consisting of a heavy-chain variable domain. It lacks light chains and a first constant domain (CH1). With a small molecular weight of only 12~15 kDa, sdAb has a similar antigen-binding affinity to conventional Abs but a higher solubility, which exerts unique advantages for the recognition and binding of functional, versatile, target-specific antigen fragments. 
  • 794
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of RasGRP1 in Cancer
The dysregulation of RasGRP1 (Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 1) is known to contribute to numerous disorders that range from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and schizophrenia to neoplasia. Given its position at the crossroad of cell development, inflammation, and cancer, RASGRP1 has garnered interest from numerous disciplines.
  • 793
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells in Melanoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Similarly, the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapy have been studied primarily with respect to T lymphocytes, but other subsets of immune cells could be affected. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are considered the innate counterpart of T lymphocytes and include cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as three helper subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Thanks to their tissue distribution and their ability to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli, ILCs play a central role in shaping immunity.
  • 790
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in wAMD
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. 
  • 789
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Viral Infections in Severe Asthma
Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels.
  • 788
  • 22 May 2021
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