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Topic Review
Metabolomics in Thyroid Cancer
There is still a lack of reliable and specific markers for the detection and staging of thyroid cancer. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the current diagnostic gold standard but indeterminate results or an inability to discriminate different carcinomas, requires additional surgical procedures to obtain a final diagnosis. Metabolomics has the potential to identify molecular markers of thyroid cancer and identify novel metabolic profiles of the disease, which can, in turn, help in the classification of pathological conditions and lead to a more personalised therapy, assisting in the diagnosis and in the prediction of cancer behaviour. This review considers the current results in thyroid cancer biomarker research with a focus on metabolomics.
  • 988
  • 15 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Immunohistochemistry in Liver Tumors Diagnosis
Although radiological diagnostics have been progressing, pathological diagnosis remains the most reliable method for diagnosing liver tumors. In some cases, definite pathological diagnosis cannot be obtained by histological evaluation alone, especially when the sample is a small biopsy; in such cases, immunohistochemical staining is very useful. Immunohistochemistry is the most frequently used technique for molecular pathological diagnosis due to its broad application, ease of performance and evaluation, and reasonable cost. The results occasionally reflect specific genetic mutations. The immunohistochemical markers of hepatocellular carcinoma include those of hepatocellular differentiation—such as hepatocyte paraffin 1 and arginase-1—and those of malignant hepatocytes—such as glypican-3, heat shock protein 70, and glutamine synthetase (GS). To classify the subtypes of hepatocellular adenoma, examination of several immunohistochemical markers, such as liver fatty acid-binding protein, GS, and serum amyloid A, is indispensable. Immunohistochemical staining for GS is also important for the diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia. The representative immunohistochemical markers of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma include cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK19.
  • 988
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Translation of Ferroptosis into Clinical Hepatocellular Carcinoma Practice
Ferroptosis, an iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent non-apoptotic type of regulated cell death, is characterized by a massive iron overload and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which finally results in cell death. Recent studies suggest that ferroptosis can influence carcinogenesis negatively and therefore may be used as a novel anti-cancer strategy. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly malignancy with poor chances of survival and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Diagnosis at an already late stage and general resistance to current therapies may be responsible for the dismal outcome. As the liver acts as a key factor in iron metabolism, ferroptosis is shown to play an important role in HCC carcinogenesis and, more importantly, may hold the potential to eradicate HCC.
  • 987
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Liver
The liver is an organ that is particularly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only arise during metabolic functions but also during the biotransformation of xenobiotics. The disruption of redox balance causes oxidative stress, which affects liver function, modulates inflammatory pathways and contributes to disease.
  • 985
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
FeNO analysis in IPF
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a non-invasive and reproducible biomarker that has demonstrated an interesting potential for differential diagnosis and prognostic estimation of patients affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In particular, alveolar concentration of nitric oxide appeared to be a reliable indicator of severity of lung fibrosis and proved its efficacy in the early detection of patients with a fast progression of disease. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a well-known and widely accepted biomarker of airways inflammation in asthmatic patients. Recent evidences underlined the potential value of an extended analysis of FeNO, including a multiple-flows assessment, as a useful tool for the management of patients with interstitial lung However, the multiple-flows assessment of FeNO can provide a reliable measurement of bronchial and alveolar production of NO, supporting its potential value as biomarker also in peripheral lung diseases, such as interstitial lung diseases (ILD). The possibility to measure a biomarker of airway inflammation with a non-invasive, reproducible and economic technique led to the development of exhaled NO analyzers able to measure the NO burden in the airways. The procedure for the quantification of FeNO was standardized in 2005 [1]. To provide a more accurate evaluation of NO dynamics in distal airways and alveolar space, an extended analysis of FeNO has been proposed and the last technical standard document by ERS officially endorsed this procedure for future research[2]. Here, we performed a systematic review of literature in order to report all the available evidences concerning the rationale and the potential usefulness of extended FeNO analysis in the clinical management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • 984
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Precision Treatment in ACS–Role Fibrinolysis
Despite advancements in pharmacotherapy and interventional strategies, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain at risk of recurrent thrombotic events. In addition to an enhanced tendency to thrombus formation, impairment in the ability to naturally dissolve or lyse a developing thrombus, namely impaired endogenous fibrinolysis, is responsible for a major part of this residual risk regardless of optimal antiplatelet medication.
  • 984
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MYCN and Metabolic Reprogramming in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer responsible for approximately 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Aberrant MYCN activation, as a result of genomic MYCN amplification, is a major driver of high-risk neuroblastoma, which has an overall survival rate of less than 50%, despite the best treatments currently available. Metabolic reprogramming is an integral part of the growth-promoting program driven by MYCN, which fuels cell growth and proliferation by increasing the uptake and catabolism of nutrients, biosynthesis of macromolecules, and production of energy. This reprogramming process also generates metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited for therapy.
  • 983
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Prevent and Treat Oral Mucositis
Oral Mucositis, a debilitating side effect of radio and chemotherapy for head and neck cancers, involves inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity. This condition often leads to severe pain, difficulty in eating, and compromised quality of life for cancer patients. The use of natural compounds such as polyphenols has shown promise in preventing and alleviating Oral Mucositis as they possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties, capable of mitigating the adverse effects of chemo and radiotherapy on the oral mucosa.
  • 983
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
ESBL/AmpC
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC) producing Enterobacteriaceae occur frequently in livestock animals and the subsequent stages of the meat production chain and are therefore considered a risk for human health. Therefore, biosecurity and specific intervention measures shall prevent the entry and the spread of ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli in animal farms. Our review presents data from fourteen studies about the effectiveness of intervention studies on the occurrence of commensal, pathogenic and ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli in broiler fattening farms. The intervention measures were competitive exclusion, cleaning and disinfection and feed additives. The measured effects varied from "no effect" to a reduction of up to 6.6 log10 CFU/g.
  • 981
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
N-Glycans’ Effect on Pathologic Protein Conformations in Disease
Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in regulating intricate cellular processes by covalently attaching glycans to macromolecules. Dysregulated glycosylation is linked to a spectrum of diseases, encompassing cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, congenital disorders, infections, and inflammation. Considering the allosteric effects of N-glycans in regulating protein conformation, with potential implications for its assembly and function, it is of no surprise that dysregulated N-glycosylation has been implicated in several disease-associated human proteins. Furthermore, these glycans may play a pivotal role in modulating the conformation of pathogen-associated proteins, influencing their infectivity within human cells.
  • 980
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immunomodulation in Cystic Fibrosis: Why and How?
Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by unconventional mechanisms of inflammation, implicating a chronic immune response dominated by innate immune cells. Historically, therapeutic development has focused on the mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), leading to the discovery of small molecules aiming at modulating and potentiating the presence and activity of CFTR at the plasma membrane. However, treatment burden sustained by CF patients, side effects of current medications, and recent advances in other therapeutic areas have highlighted the need to develop novel disease targeting of the inflammatory component driving CF lung damage. Furthermore, current issues with standard treatment emphasize the need for directed lung therapies that could minimize systemic side effects. Here, we summarize current treatment used to target immune cells in the lungs, and highlight potential benefits and caveats of novel therapeutic strategies.
  • 976
  • 13 May 2020
Topic Review
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching in Arteriogenesis
Vascular smooth muscle cells in the adult vasculature are not terminally differentiated cells. They possess extensive plasticity such that it can be stimulated to undergo a structural and functional transition into proliferative/migratory/synthetic phenotype or undergo an extreme phenotypic change into osteochondrocyte-like cells, foam-like cells, and myofibroblastsas detected in atherosclerotic lesions. Nevertheless, SMC plasticity enables de-differentiated SMCs to re-differentiate back to a quiescent and contractile state according to their microenvironment. SMCs are the predominant cell type in collateral arteries that restores blood flow after significant arterial occlusion in peripheral arterial disease patients. They respond to altered blood flow and inflammatory conditions after an arterial occlusion by switching their phenotype between quiescent contractile and proliferative synthetic states.
  • 976
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PPARs and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson’s Disease
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) belong to subgroup 1 of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They are known to form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) when activated by endogenous or exogenous ligands and to bind to a co-activator such as PGC-1α.
  • 976
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Gut-Induced Inflammation
Gut microbiota plays a role in modulating complex signaling pathways, predominantly via the bidirectional gut-brain-axis (GBA).
  • 974
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Early Sings in ASDs
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopmental pathology that manifest as deficits in certain fundamental areas.
  • 974
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Glutathione Depletion and MicroRNA Dysregulation in MSA
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar impairment, and autonomic failure. Although the causes of MSA onset and progression remain uncertain, its pathogenesis may involve oxidative stress via the generation of excess reactive oxygen species and/or destruction of the antioxidant system. One of the most powerful antioxidants is glutathione, which plays essential roles as an antioxidant enzyme cofactor, cysteine-storage molecule, major redox buffer, and neuromodulator, in addition to being a key antioxidant in the central nervous system. Glutathione levels are known to be reduced in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, genes regulating redox states have been shown to be post-transcriptionally modified by microRNA (miRNA), one of the most important types of non-coding RNA. miRNAs have been reported to be dysregulated in several diseases, including MSA.
  • 974
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules essential for cell signaling and immune defense. However, excessive ROS production leads to oxidative stress, damaging DNA, proteins, and lipids, and contributing to diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Balancing ROS and antioxidants is crucial for cellular health and homeostasis.
  • 974
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children
Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is an auto-inflammatory bone disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from unifocal to multifocal lesions. When it manifests with multifocal lesions, it is also referred to as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). CNO/CRMO can affect all age groups, with the pediatric population being the most common. Patients may present with systemic inflammation, but there is no pathognomonic laboratory finding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard radiological tool for diagnosis. In the absence of validated diagnostic criteria, CNO/CRMO remains an exclusion diagnosis. Bone biopsy does not show a specific disease pattern, but it may be necessary in unifocal or atypical cases to differentiate it from malignancy or infection. First-line treatments are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while bisphosphonates or TNF-α blockers can be used in refractory cases. The disease course is unpredictable, and uncontrolled lesions can complicate with bone fractures and deformations, underlying the importance of long-term follow-up in these patients. 
  • 973
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HER2 Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer
HER2 intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is a well-known phenomenon in breast cancer, defined as the coexistence of subpopulations of tumor cells with different HER2 gene or protein expression within a tumor. HER2 ITH has been reported in up to 40% of breast cancers and to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with anti-HER2 targeted therapies and was proposed to be a potential mechanism for anti-HER2 resistance. HER2 ITH can be divided into non-genetic and genetic ITH based on different HER2 genetic amplification and genetic ITH has clustered, mosaic and scattered distribution patterns. 
  • 969
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
miRNA in Regulating CFTR
The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-activated ion channel that mediates transepithelial Cl- and HCO- secretion in fluid transporting epithelia. In the airway, a thin layer of fluid, known as the airway surface liquid (ASL), acts as a medium to facilitate ciliary function and allow for the overlying mucus layer to glide from the distal lung to the trachea where it can be expelled from the lung. CFTR gene mutations impair regulation of the transport of Cl-, HCO-, Na+, and water, and alter the volume and composition of the luminal contents of the airway, intestine, and biliary tree, leading to muco-obstructive disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Deletion of phenylalanine in position 508 (p.F508del) of the CFTR gene is present in at last 70% of CF patients.  We discuss the role of micro(mi)RNAs in regulating CFTR expression and function in health and disease.
  • 967
  • 27 Oct 2020
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