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Topic Review
Bayesian Model of Computational Anatomy
Computational anatomy (CA) is a discipline within medical imaging focusing on the study of anatomical shape and form at the visible or gross anatomical scale of morphology. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in anatomy, applied mathematics and pure mathematics, including medical imaging, neuroscience, physics, probability, and statistics. It focuses on the anatomical structures being imaged, rather than the medical imaging devices. The central focus of the sub-field of computational anatomy within medical imaging is mapping information across anatomical coordinate systems most often dense information measured within a magnetic resonance image (MRI). The introduction of flows into CA, which are akin to the equations of motion used in fluid dynamics, exploit the notion that dense coordinates in image analysis follow the Lagrangian and Eulerian equations of motion. In models based on Lagrangian and Eulerian flows of diffeomorphisms, the constraint is associated to topological properties, such as open sets being preserved, coordinates not crossing implying uniqueness and existence of the inverse mapping, and connected sets remaining connected. The use of diffeomorphic methods grew quickly to dominate the field of mapping methods post Christensen's original paper, with fast and symmetric methods becoming available.
  • 292
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electroencephalogram-Based Brain–Computer Interface System
Researchers have discovered that brain–computer interface (BCI) techniques can improve communication between the brain and computer by decoding brain neural signals. There have been several attempts to investigate the application of BCI, but motor imagery (MI) has received the most attention since it causes the motor cortex to respond when a person mentally models a specific movement of limbs without activating their muscles.
  • 290
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wheelchair Skills Training Using Virtual Reality
It is estimated that 1% of the global population are wheelchair users (WUs). To promote the integration of WUs in society and enhance their independence, it is important that they know how to manoeuvre a wheelchair safely. Several training programmes for wheelchair driving skills have been developed; some programmes entail navigating in everyday settings (i.e., homes, schools, etc.), while others focus on controlled environments where a set of tasks are performed.
  • 287
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiomic and Radiogenomic Pipelines
Advances in artificial intelligence have greatly impacted the field of medical imaging and vastly improved the development of computational algorithms for data analysis. In the field of pediatric neuro-oncology, radiomics, the process of obtaining high-dimensional data from radiographic images, has been recently utilized in applications including survival prognostication, molecular classification, and tumor type classification. Similarly, radiogenomics, or the integration of radiomic and genomic data, has allowed for building comprehensive computational models to better understand disease etiology. 
  • 282
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Biodegradable Nano Polymers in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
As cardiac diseases, which mostly result in heart failure, are increasing rapidly worldwide, heart transplantation seems the only solution for saving lives. This practice is not always possible due to several reasons, such as scarcity of donors, rejection of organs from recipient bodies, or costly medical procedures. In the framework of nanotechnology, nanomaterials greatly contribute to the development of these cardiovascular scaffolds as they provide an easy regeneration of the tissues. Functional nanofibers can be used in the production of stem cells and in the regeneration of cells and tissues. The small size of nanomaterials, leads to changes in their chemical and physical characteristics that could alter their interaction and exposure to stem cells with cells and tissues.
  • 280
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stress Monitoring
Stress monitoring with wearable sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a potential application that can enhance wellness and preventative health management. Healthcare professionals have harnessed robust systems incorporating battery-based wearable technology and wireless communication channels to enable cost-effective healthcare monitoring for various medical conditions.
  • 277
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Transillumination Imaging and Functional Imaging
Imaging within the realm of biomedical applications can be categorized into two domains based on object size: macroscopic and microscopic imaging. The substantive importance of macroscopic imaging has been demonstrated prominently in medical practices, encompassing X-ray imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonic echo imaging. Although these modalities offer undeniable utility, they are not devoid of limitations. Even with recent progress in X-ray detection, the ionizing radiation inherent to X-ray imaging engenders challenges related to repeated exposure. Similarly, the utilization of PET and MRI is impeded by the considerable scale of the necessary apparatus, thereby hindering seamless bedside deployment. The domain of ultrasound imaging presents difficulty involving a tradeoff between spatial resolution and penetration depth in animal bodies. An additional contender for noninvasive macroscopic structural imaging of animal bodies has emerged: optical imaging.
  • 272
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Exploitation of Neutrophil Functions to Combat Disease
Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells and comprise 50–70% of the white blood cell population under homeostatic conditions. Upon infection and in cancer, blood neutrophil numbers significantly increase because of the secretion of various chemo- and cytokines by, e.g., leukocytes, pericytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells present in the inflamed tissue or in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The function of neutrophils in cancer has recently gained considerable attention, as they can exert both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions, dependent on the cytokine milieu present in the TME. Here, several promising therapeutic options are addressed, such as cytokine therapy, immunocytokines and immunotherapy, which aim to exploit the anti-tumorigenic potential of neutrophils in cancer treatment or block excessive neutrophil-mediated inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
  • 269
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Computer-Aided Models for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women who are mainly middle-aged and older. Due to these reasons, computer-aided detection (CADe) and computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems help assist physicians and experts in increasing the success rate of the analysis/diagnosis. The role of a CADe system focuses on the localization of a specific object or region of interest (ROI), as the particular area of interest is specific to the task.
  • 266
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors are devices that convert the biological signal generated by the specific binding of a recognition probe to a target to be measured into electrical signals such as voltage, current, and impedance. Electrochemical biosensors are suitable for point-of-care (POC) detection due to the ease of miniaturization, automation, integration, and mass production. In recent years, nanotechnology has brought great opportunities for development in the field of electrochemical biosensors. The large surface volume ratio of nanomaterials helps to improve the detection sensitivity of biosensors. The commonly used electrochemical detection methods mainly include voltammetry and impedance methods. 
  • 262
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Out-of-the-Lab Photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is used for heart-rate monitoring in a variety of contexts and applications due to its versatility and simplicity. These applications, namely studies involving PPG data acquisition during day-to-day activities, require reliable and continuous measurements, which are often performed at the index finger or wrist.
  • 262
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microfluidics Techniques for Pesticide Residues Detection in Food
Food safety is a significant issue that affects people worldwide and is tied to their lives and health. The issue of pesticide residues in food is just one of many issues related to food safety, which leave residues in crops and are transferred through the food chain to human consumption. Foods contaminated with pesticide residues pose a serious risk to human health, including carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Although traditional methods, including gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, can be used to achieve a quantitative analysis of pesticide residues, the disadvantages of these techniques, such as being time-consuming and costly and requiring specialist staff, limit their application.
  • 246
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Thermographic Techniques for Skin Cancer Diagnosis
Infrared (IR) thermography is one of the most promising technologies now available for the early detection of malignant diseases (such as skin and breast cancers). Its significant strengths are the absence of contact and dangerous radiation; it is also a non-invasive and cost-effective technique.
  • 240
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
3D Printing in Ophthalmology
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process in which materials are added together in a layer-by-layer manner to construct customized products. Many different techniques of 3D printing exist, which vary in materials used, cost, advantages, and drawbacks. Medicine is increasingly benefiting from this transformative technology, and the field of ophthalmology is no exception. The possible 3D printing applications in eyecare are vast and have been explored in the literature, such as 3D-printed ocular prosthetics, orbital implants, educational and anatomical models, as well as surgical planning and training. 
  • 239
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fully Autonomous Active Self-Powered Point-of-Care Devices
Quick and effective point-of-care (POC) devices have the chance to revolutionize healthcare in developed and developing countries since they can operate anywhere the patient is, with the possibility of obtaining and sending the results to the doctor without delay. Significant efforts have focused on developing new POC systems that can screen for biomarkers continuously and non-invasively in body fluids to prevent, diagnose, and manage diseases. However, one of the critical challenges left to address is how to power them effectively and sufficiently. In developing countries and rural and remote areas, where there are usually no well-established electricity grids or nearby medical facilities, and using batteries is unreliable or not cost-effective, alternative power sources are the most challenging issue for stand-alone and self-sustained POC devices.
  • 238
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning-Assisted Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) Techniques
Personalized medicine transforms healthcare by adapting interventions to individuals’ unique genetic, molecular, and clinical profiles. To maximize diagnostic and/or therapeutic efficacy, personalized medicine requires advanced imaging devices and sensors for accurate assessment and monitoring of individual patient conditions or responses to therapeutics. In the field of biomedical optics, short-wave infrared (SWIR) techniques offer an array of capabilities that hold promise to significantly enhance diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic interventions. SWIR techniques provide in vivo information, which was previously inaccessible, by making use of its capacity to penetrate biological tissues with reduced attenuation and enable researchers and clinicians to delve deeper into anatomical structures, physiological processes, and molecular interactions. Combining SWIR techniques with machine learning (ML), which is a powerful tool for analyzing information, holds the potential to provide unprecedented accuracy for disease detection, precision in treatment guidance, and correlations of complex biological features, opening the way for the data-driven personalized medicine field. Despite numerous biomedical demonstrations that utilize cutting-edge SWIR techniques, the clinical potential of this approach has remained significantly underexplored. 
  • 235
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Roles of Microrobots in Sensitivity Enhancement of Biosensors
To meet the increasing needs of point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis and daily health monitoring, numerous cutting-edge techniques have emerged to upgrade current portable biosensors with higher sensitivity, smaller size, and better intelligence. In particular, due to the controlled locomotion characteristics in the micro/nano scale, microrobots can effectively enhance the sensitivity of biosensors by disrupting conventional passive diffusion into an active enrichment during the test. In addition, microrobots are ideal to create biosensors with functions of on-demand delivery, transportation, and multi-objective detections with the capability of actively controlled motion. 
  • 225
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Automated Assessment of Tumors in Histopathology Images
The automated assessment of tumors in medical image analysis encounters challenges due to the resemblance of colon and lung tumors to non-mitotic nuclei and their heteromorphic characteristics. An accurate assessment of tumor nuclei presence is crucial for determining tumor aggressiveness and grading.
  • 217
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lung-Digital Twin
Early diagnosis of lung pathologies is crucial for improving patient prognosis. So far, chest X-rays are one of the most common imaging modalities used for diagnosing lung pathologies. However, diagnosing lung pathologies based on chest X-rays alone can be challenging and subjective, especially for diseases with similar symptoms.
  • 207
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Kidney-Transplant Rejection
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal failure, but the limited availability of donors and the risk of immune rejection pose significant challenges. Early detection of acute renal rejection is a critical step to increasing the lifespan of the transplanted kidney. Investigating the clinical, genetic, and histopathological markers correlated to acute renal rejection, as well as finding noninvasive markers for early detection, is urgently needed. It is also crucial to identify which markers are associated with different types of acute renal rejection to manage treatment effectively. 
  • 202
  • 12 Sep 2023
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