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Topic Review
Lysophospholipids for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) commonly present misfolded and aggregated proteins. Considerable research has been performed to unearth the molecular processes underpinning this pathological aggregation and develop therapeutic strategies targeting NDs. Fibrillary deposits of α-synuclein (α-Syn), a highly conserved and thermostable protein, are a critical feature in the development of NDs such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Inhibition of α-Syn aggregation can thus serve as a potential approach for therapeutic intervention. The degradation of target proteins by small molecules has emerged as a new therapeutic modality, gaining the hotspot in pharmaceutical research. Additionally, interest is growing in the use of food-derived bioactive compounds as intervention agents against NDs via functional foods and dietary supplements. According to reports, dietary bioactive phospholipids may have cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective effects, owing to their abilities to influence cognition and mental health in vivo and in vitro. 
  • 964
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Potential Role of Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke Treatment
Ischemic stroke is a life-threatening cerebral vascular disease and accounts for high disability and mortality worldwide. Currently, no efficient therapeutic strategies are available for promoting neurological recovery in clinical practice, except rehabilitation.
  • 963
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Protein O-GlcNAcylation
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that dynamically modifies serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins through their hydroxyl moieties. O-GlcNAcylation is catalyzed by two key enzymes, namely, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which add/remove UDP-GlcNAc to/from Ser and Thr residues, respectively. O-GlcNAc modification is dependent on the intracellular concentration of UDP-GlcNAc from the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which integrates carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids and nucleic acids metabolism in the process of UPD-GlcNAc synthesis. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is widely recognized as an important cellular nutrient sensor and it may represents a key linkage between nutrient sensing, energy metabolism and signal transduction.
  • 961
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Pathogenesis
Current research in medicine in several parts of the world has attempted to establish a link between the occurrence of neurodegenerative pathologies, microbiota dysbiosis, and the incidence of obesity. The body’s response to different physicochemical factors has also been influenced by the proper assimilation of bioactive compounds contained in the food that is ingested. Oxidative stress is one of the major factors that directly affects the functioning of the human microbiota.
  • 958
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Potential Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Alzheimer’s Disease
Clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) face multiple challenges, such as the high screen failure rate and the even allocation of heterogeneous participants. Artificial intelligence (AI), which has become a potent tool of modern science with the expansion in the volume, variety, and velocity of biological data, offers promising potential to address these issues in AD clinical trials. The current status of AD clinical trials and the topic of machine learning were introduced. Then, a comprehensive review is focused on the potential applications of AI in the steps of AD clinical trials, including the prediction of protein and MRI AD biomarkers in the prescreening process during eligibility assessment and the likelihood stratification of AD subjects into rapid and slow progressors in randomization. Finally, this review provides challenges, developments, and the future outlook on the integration of AI into AD clinical trials.
  • 958
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked, degenerative, neuro-muscular disorder with an estimated male birth incidence of 1:3800 to 1:6200. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of muscle fibres resulting in muscle weakness and eventual loss of ambulation. Functional dependence typically occurs in the second decade of life with cardiac and respiratory complications often shortening life. Other types of muscular dystrophies, such as Becker’s muscular dystrophy (BMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), have similar progression to DMD but a near normal life expectancy with symptoms appearing later, being less severe, and thus preserving ambulation often to mid-life.
  • 956
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Noninvasive Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing global crisis in need of urgent diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The current treatment strategy mostly involves immunotherapeutic medications that have had little success in halting disease progress. Hypotheses for pathogenesis and development of AD have been expanded to implicate both organ systems as well as cellular reactions. Non-pharmacologic interventions ranging from minimally to deeply invasive have attempted to address these diverse contributors to AD.
  • 953
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Correlation between Phenotype and Genotype in CTNNB1 Syndrome
The CTNNB1 (Cadherin-associated protein, beta 1) Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and delayed or absent speech. Research showed wide genotypic and phenotypic variability in patients with CTNNB1 Syndrome. The most common moderate-severe phenotype manifested in facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly, various motor disabilities, language and cognitive impairments, and behavioral abnormalities (e.g., autistic-like or aggressive behavior).
  • 953
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tunneling Nanotube in the Nervous System
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin, hollow plasma membrane projections that directly connect the lumen of one cell to the lumen of another cell, thereby transferring different cargoes between the two connected cells. TNTs have been shown to play very prominent roles in neuronal development and serve as highways for neurodegenerative diseases in the brain. 
  • 953
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Panel of Olive Polyphenols
Neurological diseases such as stroke and multiple sclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality, long-term disability, and social and economic burden. Therefore, they represent a major challenge for medical treatment. Numerous evidences support the beneficial effects of polyphenols from olive trees, which can alleviate or even prevent demyelination, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke. Polyphenols from olive oils, especially extra virgin olive oil, olive leaves, olive leaf extract, and from other olive tree derivatives, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, two major factors in demyelination. In addition, they reduce the risk of stroke due to their multiple anti-stroke effects, such as anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-thrombotic. In addition, olive polyphenols have beneficial effects on the plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals.
  • 952
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drug Development against Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently the second most common neurodegenerative disease among the older population. The main problem in the treatment is that the exact etiology of the disease is not known, and it is not known what exactly initiates the neuronal damage process. There is still no drug that would effectively cure the disease. However, scientists are still trying to develop more effective pharmacotherapy by using new molecular targets based on relevant in vitro and in vivo models, and by using computer-aided design of drugs and other particles.
  • 951
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with protein aggregates. Misfolded proteins aggregate into a β-sheet structure, which is a major phenomenon of protein-misfolding diseases (PMDs). As a defense mechanism against misfolded protein aggregates, cells maintain homeostasis through two main modes of action: (i) refolding of misfolded proteins by molecular chaperones, and (ii) elimination of aggregated forms of pathogenic proteins as the first approach to alleviating neurodegenerative diseases. Decreases in these defense systems promote the deposition of aggregates leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The major neuronal proteins that cause PMDs include tau, α-synuclein, huntingtin, and β-amyloid.
  • 950
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Signals Driving Myelinogenesis
As the regulator of all cognitive, sensory, and motor activity, the nervous system is the most complex biological system in humans. In order for myelinogenesis to happen, neural stem cells (NSCs) need to undergo specific developmental stages, with the process of oligodendrogenesis, as well as additional steps for the maintenance of these primary myelin sheaths.
  • 950
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Phyto-Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders
The strategies involved in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders are very complex and challenging due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a closely spaced network of blood vessels and endothelial cells that functions to prevent the entry of unwanted substances in the brain. The emergence and advancement of nanotechnology shows favourable prospects to overcome this phenomenon. Engineered nanoparticles conjugated with drug moieties and imaging agents that have dimensions between 1 and 100 nm could potentially be used to ensure enhanced efficacy, cellular uptake, specific transport, and delivery of specific molecules to the brain, owing to their modified physico-chemical features. The conjugates of nanoparticles and medicinal plants, or their components known as nano phytomedicine, have been gaining significance lately in the development of novel neuro-therapeutics owing to their natural abundance, promising targeted delivery to the brain, and lesser potential to show adverse effects.
  • 948
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Brain Acute Injuries
Increasingly prevalent acute and chronic human brain diseases are scourges for the elderly. Besides the lack of therapies, these ailments share a neuroinflammation that is triggered/sustained by different innate immunity-related protein oligomers called inflammasomes. Relevant neuroinflammation players such as microglia/monocytes typically exhibit a strong NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence the idea that NLRP3 suppression might solve neurodegenerative ailments.
  • 946
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidic Platforms and Alzheimer’s Disease
The past decade has witnessed a surge in the use of microfluidics technology in neurodegenerative diseases to gradually minimize biomedical research dependence on in vivo models. These platforms have been widely implicated in growing 3D gels that could be further applied in producing a three-dimensional tissue representative of human organs. With the help of these miniaturized devices, the growth of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia have also been facilitated in the form of triculture models.
  • 945
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Causes and Treatment of Neonatal Seizures
Seizures are the most frequent neurological clinical symptoms of the central nervous system (CNS) during the neonatal period. Neonatal seizures may be ascribed to an acute event or symptomatic conditions determined by genetic, metabolic or structural causes, outlining the so-called ‘Neonatal Epilepsies’. To date, three main groups of neonatal epilepsies are recognised during the neonatal period: benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE), early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and ‘Ohtahara syndrome’ (OS).
  • 945
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Rapid Eye Movements Density during Sleep
Rapid eye movements (REMs), an expression of REM sleep phasic activity, occur against a stable background of cortical desynchronization and the absence of axial tone. The significance of REMs during the sleep period was initially attributed to the mental content of dreams, linking the REMs to the dream scenario.
  • 945
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
One-Carbon Metabolism in Healthy Brain Aging
One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a key metabolic network that integrates nutritional signals with several processes in the human body. Dietary supplementation of 1C components, such as folic acid, vitamin B12, and choline are reported to have beneficial effects on normal and diseased brain function.
  • 945
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Manifestations of Wolfram Syndrome 1
Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS1) is a rare neurodegenerative disease transmitted in an autosomal recessive mode. It is characterized by diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA), and sensorineural hearing loss (D) (DIDMOAD). The clinical picture may be complicated by other symptoms, such as urinary tract, endocrinological, psychiatric, and neurological abnormalities.
  • 944
  • 25 Mar 2022
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