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Topic Review
Three Members of the Synuclein Family
Synucleins are a family of small aggregation-prone proteins consisting of three members, alpha, beta and gamma-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein is the most investigated member of the family due to its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopatjies. Synucleins easily change their conformation and may be converted to toxic aggregates. They are in the focus of attention of biochemists, molecular and cellular biologists who try to reveal their normal functions and role  in diseaases.  
  • 986
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Potential Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Alzheimer’s Disease
Clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) face multiple challenges, such as the high screen failure rate and the even allocation of heterogeneous participants. Artificial intelligence (AI), which has become a potent tool of modern science with the expansion in the volume, variety, and velocity of biological data, offers promising potential to address these issues in AD clinical trials. The current status of AD clinical trials and the topic of machine learning were introduced. Then, a comprehensive review is focused on the potential applications of AI in the steps of AD clinical trials, including the prediction of protein and MRI AD biomarkers in the prescreening process during eligibility assessment and the likelihood stratification of AD subjects into rapid and slow progressors in randomization. Finally, this review provides challenges, developments, and the future outlook on the integration of AI into AD clinical trials.
  • 985
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Causes and Treatment of Neonatal Seizures
Seizures are the most frequent neurological clinical symptoms of the central nervous system (CNS) during the neonatal period. Neonatal seizures may be ascribed to an acute event or symptomatic conditions determined by genetic, metabolic or structural causes, outlining the so-called ‘Neonatal Epilepsies’. To date, three main groups of neonatal epilepsies are recognised during the neonatal period: benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE), early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) and ‘Ohtahara syndrome’ (OS).
  • 984
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Clinical Presentation
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are two common diseases in elderly populations. Despite the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke prevention, intracranial hemorrhage represents the most serious complication of these therapies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is one of the main risk factors for spontaneous intracranial bleeding, and this risk is highly increased by age and concomitant antithrombotic therapies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can be silent for years and then manifest with clinical features simulating TIA (TIA-mimics) or stroke in AF patients, pushing clinicians to rapidly start Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), thus increasing the risk of intracranial bleeding if the diagnosis of CAA was unknown. Because the cerebral amyloid angiopathy is easily diagnosed with non-contrast MRI, suspecting the disease can avoid catastrophic complications.
  • 981
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Panel of Olive Polyphenols
Neurological diseases such as stroke and multiple sclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality, long-term disability, and social and economic burden. Therefore, they represent a major challenge for medical treatment. Numerous evidences support the beneficial effects of polyphenols from olive trees, which can alleviate or even prevent demyelination, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke. Polyphenols from olive oils, especially extra virgin olive oil, olive leaves, olive leaf extract, and from other olive tree derivatives, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, two major factors in demyelination. In addition, they reduce the risk of stroke due to their multiple anti-stroke effects, such as anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-thrombotic. In addition, olive polyphenols have beneficial effects on the plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals.
  • 980
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hypo-Thalamic Circuits
The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many nuclei and diverse neuronal cell groups. It is characterized by intricate intrahypothalamic circuits that orchestrate a finely tuned communication within the CNS and with the PNS. Hypothalamic circuits are critical for maintaining homeostatic challenges including immune responses to viral infections.
  • 978
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Extrapyramidal and Non-Motor Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease (MND) and has emerged, among the disorders, with the largest increase in incidence in Western countries. ALS can no longer be considered a disease limited to the motor system but rather a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder that involves other motor and non-motor domains
  • 978
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with protein aggregates. Misfolded proteins aggregate into a β-sheet structure, which is a major phenomenon of protein-misfolding diseases (PMDs). As a defense mechanism against misfolded protein aggregates, cells maintain homeostasis through two main modes of action: (i) refolding of misfolded proteins by molecular chaperones, and (ii) elimination of aggregated forms of pathogenic proteins as the first approach to alleviating neurodegenerative diseases. Decreases in these defense systems promote the deposition of aggregates leading to neurodegenerative diseases. The major neuronal proteins that cause PMDs include tau, α-synuclein, huntingtin, and β-amyloid.
  • 977
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Retinal Ganglion Cells Regeneration
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder due to the dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs function as the only output neurons conveying the detected light information from the retina to the brain, which is a bottleneck of vision formation. RGCs in mammals cannot regenerate if injured, and RGC subtypes differ dramatically in their ability to survive and regenerate after injury. Recently, novel RGC subtypes and markers have been uncovered in succession. Meanwhile, apart from great advances in RGC axon regeneration, some degree of experimental RGC regeneration has been achieved by the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells or in vivo somatic cell reprogramming, which provides insights into the future therapy of myriad neurodegenerative disorders. Further approaches to the combination of different factors will be necessary to develop efficacious future therapeutic strategies to promote ultimate axon and RGC regeneration and functional vision recovery following injury.
  • 976
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Potential Role of Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke Treatment
Ischemic stroke is a life-threatening cerebral vascular disease and accounts for high disability and mortality worldwide. Currently, no efficient therapeutic strategies are available for promoting neurological recovery in clinical practice, except rehabilitation.
  • 976
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Craniovertebral Junction Instability after Oncological Resection
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a complex transition area between the skull and cervical spine. Pathologies such as chordoma, chondrosarcoma and aneurysmal bone cysts may be encountered in this anatomical area and may predispose individuals to joint instability.
  • 976
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are genetically complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) resulting from genetic factors and gene-environment (GxE) interactions for which onset occurs in early brain development.
  • 975
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neurotrophins and Brain
Neurotrophins (NTs) are a group of soluble growth factors with analogous structures and functions, identified initially as critical mediators of neuronal survival during development. The relevance of NTs has been confirmed by emerging clinical data showing that impaired NTs levels and functions are involved in the onset of neurological and pulmonary diseases.
  • 975
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Protein O-GlcNAcylation
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that dynamically modifies serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins through their hydroxyl moieties. O-GlcNAcylation is catalyzed by two key enzymes, namely, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which add/remove UDP-GlcNAc to/from Ser and Thr residues, respectively. O-GlcNAc modification is dependent on the intracellular concentration of UDP-GlcNAc from the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which integrates carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids and nucleic acids metabolism in the process of UPD-GlcNAc synthesis. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is widely recognized as an important cellular nutrient sensor and it may represents a key linkage between nutrient sensing, energy metabolism and signal transduction.
  • 975
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Astrocyte Therapy in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Non-cell-specific therapeutics or therapeutics designed to tackle aberrant pathways within neurons failed to slow down or halt neurodegeneration. It is therefore time to pursue alternative strategies. In line with this, astrocytes emerge as promising therapeutic targets in various neurodegenerative disorders, an hypothesis supported by their importance to maintain the central nervous system homeostasis in health conditions as well as their fundamental and multifaced role in pathological conditions.
  • 975
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Virus and Accelerated Brain Aging
Accelerated brain aging is often related to enhanced neurodegeneration, which includes loss of neuronal cell structure and function due to (1) metabolic changes, (2) neuronal cell death (3) decline in the neuronal network, (4) neuronal functional deficiency, (5) decline in neuronal regeneration, or (6) a combination of the mentioned reasons. It also includes functional and structural changes of the glial cells, resulting in demyelination and gliosis. Neurodegeneration is aggravated by neuroinflammation, which contributes substantially to accelerated brain aging. Neuroinflammation usually correlates with the activation of microglia, the resident macrophages and innate immune cells of the brain.
  • 974
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
General Characteristics of Exendin-4
Exendin-4 (Ex-4), better known in its synthetic form and used clinically as exenatide, applied in the treatment of diabetes, induces a beneficial impact on nerve cells, and shows promising effects in obstructive lung diseases.
  • 974
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most aggressive brain tumor. Even with the most current treatment, its prognosis remains dismal. Immunotherapies, novel cancer therapies using the patient’s own immune system to fight cancer, have revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types and generate great hope for glioblastoma. In this review, we analyze the challenges immunotherapy is facing in glioblastoma, present the different immunotherapy approaches with corresponding key clinical trial findings, and finally discuss limitations and how they might be overcome. Proof of efficacy for immunotherapies remains to be demonstrated in glioblastoma, but novel combinatorial approaches remain promising.
  • 973
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Antiaging Strategies
Aging constitutes progressive physiological changes in an organism. These changes alter the normal biological functions, such as the ability to manage metabolic stress, and eventually lead to cellular senescence. Scientific achievements have been focused on producing effective antiaging therapeutics that have dramatically improved human life expectancy. Many studies on animal models looking at genetics and dietary and pharmacological interventions have shown an enhanced lifespan. Other studies have examined antiaging strategies, such as enhancement of autophagy, elimination of senescent cells, transfusion of young blood, intermittent fasting, stem cell therapy, physical exercise, adult neurogenesis boost, and antioxidant and herbal intakes.
  • 973
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vasopressin-Related Possible Therapies in Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rather common, presenting with prevalent early problems in social communication and accompanied by repetitive behavior. There is no cure for ASD, and there is currently no medication to treat it. The medications are prescribed mainly to treat self-injury, inability to focus, anxiety and depression (SSRIs), aggression (alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Clonidine) and hyperactivity (dopamine and noradrenaline stimulant methylphenidate, Ritalin). Strategies to treat the core symptoms of ASD are directed to correct synaptic dysfunctions, abnormalities in central VP, OT and serotonin neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. 
  • 973
  • 14 Dec 2023
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