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Topic Review
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A for Neuropathic Pain
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) has found wider therapeutic acceptance in rehabilitation across a range of neurological disorders resulting in spasticity and/or dystonia and in other medical and surgical conditions. The new research shows the toxin is effective against neuropathic pain, a common debilitating condition with poor response to currently available therapy.
  • 733
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of pancreatic β-cells, with the possible interplay of antiviral responses and other environmental factors on top of the genetic susceptibility. This ultimately leads to an aberrant β-cell stress response and the immune-mediated destruction of β-cells in the pancreata of predisposed individuals.
  • 733
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Interleukin-18 Binding Protein Autoimmune Diseases
Natural soluble antagonist and decoy receptor on the surface of the cell membrane are evolving as crucial immune system regulators as these molecules are capable of recognizing, binding, and neutralizing (so-called inhibitors) their targeted ligands. Eventually, these soluble antagonists and decoy receptors terminate signaling by prohibiting ligands from connecting to their receptors on the surface of cell membrane. Interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) participates in regulating both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. IL-18BP is a soluble neutralizing protein belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily as it harbors a single Ig domain. The Ig domain is essential for its binding to the IL-18 ligand and holds partial homology to the IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) known as a decoy receptor of IL-1α and IL-1β. IL-18BP was defined as a unique soluble IL-18BP that is distinct from IL-18Rα and IL-18Rβ chain. IL-18BP is encoded by a separated gene, contains 8 exons, and is located at chr.11 q13.4 within the human genome.
  • 730
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Succinate
Extracellular succinate induces cellular changes and tissue adaptation or damage by ligating cell surface succinate receptor-1 (SUCNR-1) and activating downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional programs.
  • 728
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Depression Treatment
Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. 
  • 728
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intervertebral Disc Nucleus Repair
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a common clinical condition that causes chronic back pain. Lower back pain is one of the leading causes of disability and thus places a high burden on healthcare systems worldwide; yet, it is not among the top 10 disorders receiving research funding.
  • 726
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Effectiveness and Consequences of Direct Access in Physiotherapy
Direct access in physiotherapy (DAPT) occurs when a patient has the ability to self-refer to physical therapy without physician referral. This model of care in musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) has shown better outcomes than the traditional-based medical model of care that requires physician referral to access physiotherapist services. This traditional physician referral often results in a delay in care. Unfortunately, DAPT is still not permitted in many countries. 
  • 725
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vaccines in Solid Tumor
Conventional vaccines are widely used to boost human natural ability to defend against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Therapeutic cancer vaccines attracted the most attention for anti-cancer therapy. According to the main components, it can be divided into five types: cell, DNA, RNA, peptide, and virus-based vaccines. They mainly perform through two rationales: (1) it trains the host immune system to protect itself and effectively eradicate cancer cells; (2) these vaccines expose the immune system to molecules associated with cancer that enable the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.
  • 724
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Onset
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe and incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons, leading to paralysis and death. It is a rare disease characterized by high patient-to-patient heterogeneity, which makes its study arduous and complex. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important players in the development of ALS.
  • 722
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Betulin
Betulin is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene. It consists of four six-membered rings arranged in a trans configuration and one five-membered ring. It is characterized by a range of biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It is also an origin compound for obtaining derivatives with higher biological activity and better bioavailability.
  • 722
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress
Ionizing radiation (IR) has found widespread application in modern medicine, including medical imaging and radiotherapy. As a result, both patients and healthcare professionals are exposed to various IR doses. To minimize the negative side effects of radiation associated with oxidative imbalance, antioxidant therapy has been considered.
  • 722
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Canthin-6-Ones
Chronic inflammatory disease (CID) is a category of medical conditions that causes recurrent inflammatory attacks in multiple tissues. The occurrence of CID is related to inappropriate immune responses to normal tissue substances and invading microbes due to many factors, such as defects in the immune system and imbalanced regulation of commensal microbes. Thus, effectively keeping the immune-associated cells and their products in check and inhibiting aberrant activation of the immune system is a key strategy for the management of CID. Canthin-6-ones are a subclass of β-carboline alkaloids isolated from a wide range of species. Several emerging studies based on in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that canthin-6-ones may have potential therapeutic effects on many inflammatory diseases. 
  • 720
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19, Atherosclerosis
Clinical studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 mortality is predominantly related to thromboembolic disease and coagulation abnormalities, in which the so-called “cytokine storm” and systemic inflammation play an orchestrating role. Inflammation plays an important pathogenic role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in general and in ischemic heart disease in particular. Endothelial dysfunction, hyperinflammation, and coagulopathy contribute to disease severity and death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, while also being prevalent features of atherosclerosis. The presence of a cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19 causes ARDS or multiorgan dysfunction, including an increased risk of plaque rupture and direct myocardial injury (i.e., myocarditis), leading to high mortality rates. An optimal regulation of the cytokine storm in the early stages of the disease can contribute to treatment effectiveness and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of death in these patients. 
  • 719
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma
Renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) comprises over 75% of all renal tumors and arises in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Molecularly ccRCC is characterized by copy number alterations (CNAs) such as the loss of chromosome 3p and VHL inactivation.
  • 718
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diabetes on Cervical Spine Surgery
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a multifactorial disease that develops under complex genetic and environmental conditions. The ectopic ossification causes chronic compression of the spinal cord, which leads to neurological dysfunction below the level of compression. Although the prevalence of OPLL in the general population is relatively low, ranging from 0.1 to 2.5% in the United States and 1.9 to 4.3% in Japan , OPLL accounts for 18 to 35% as an etiology of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), which requires surgical treatment. Thus, OPLL is a major etiology of DCM, irrespective of race or region.OPLL is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). The prevalence of DM in patients with OPLL is 27% in the United States . DM increases the prevalence of comorbidities, such as obesity, hypertension, common infections, and systemic vascular diseases, thereby exerting a negative impact on spinal surgeries. Several studies have investigated the impact of DM on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) or DCM (CSM and OPLL). Despite the high prevalence of DM in patients with OPLL, only a few retrospective case series have analyzed DM as a prognostic factor for the surgical management of cervical OPLL.
  • 716
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sarcopenia for Liver Transplant Patients
Optimizing patients’ condition before liver transplantation (LT) could potentially improve survival of LT patients. We focused on sarcopenia, as a common factor in liver transplant candidates that can impact their cardiopulmonary performance at the point of listing, morbidity, and mortality after LT. We performed a single-center cohort study on 98 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis who were transplanted between March 2015 and December 2017. The third lumbar vertebra skeletal muscle index (L3SMI) was calculated using CT imaging to distinguish sarcopenia at listing for LT. Data regarding liver function, body mass index (BMI), cardiac biomarkers, the peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and LT outcome were collected and correlated to L3SMI. For data analysis the Dell Statistica (Version 13. Dell Inc., Rondrock, TX, USA) was used. In total, 98 cirrhotic patients were included. Fifty-five (56.1%) patients, mostly males, had sarcopenia according to L3SMI, with the lowest L3SMI in males with alcohol-related liver disease. Lower L3SMI correlated with lower BMI, lower VO2 peak, and higher NTproBNP (all p < 0.001) and revealed an essential correlation with prolonged ICU stay (r = −0.21, p < 0.05). 33 patients were unable to perform cardio-pulmonary exercise test, mostly sarcopenic (67%), with more advanced liver insufficiency (assessed with CPC and MELD scores) and longer stay at ICU after LT (all p < 0.001). Sarcopenia was common among LT recipients. It was associated with inferior result in cardio-pulmonary performance before LT and prolonged ICU stay after grafting. 
  • 716
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cardio-Protective Compounds with Antiarrhythmic Properties
Oxidative stress and inflammation are deleterious to cardiovascular health, and can increase heart susceptibility to arrhythmias. It is quite interesting, however, that various cardio-protective compounds with antiarrhythmic properties, including sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and statins, are potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agents.
  • 716
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Psychiatric Disorders in Clinical Human Studies
Depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment are the most common symptoms of psychiatric disorders that may concur and/or sway during progression and comorbidity frequently occurs in mental illnesses, which renders the exact diagnosis even more difficult. Scrupulous studies are underway to untangle the thread of pathophysiology of mental disorders and their comorbidities not only in clinical medicine, but also in animal studies. Psychological stress, especially depression has been found to be a risk factor for dementia, a prognostic biomarker for stokes and a therapeutic target for meaning-centered psychotherapy in depression, and animal-assisted and pet-robot interventions in dementia. Four main representative psychiatric symptoms including positive, negative and cognitive symptoms, and anxiety are reviewed. Psychiatric disorders present inflammatory signs in serum, CSF and/or the brain tissue samples in which pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels can be detected and measured. The simultaneous alternations of KYN metabolism take place under inflammation, disturbing a balance of toxic and protective KYN metabolites. 
  • 716
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
NcRNAs Promoting Chemoresistance of CRC
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies which has quite a high mortality rate. Despite the advances made in CRC treatment, effective therapy is still quite challenging, particularly due to resistance arising throughout the treatment regimen. Several studies have been carried out to identify CRC chemoresistance mechanisms, with research showing different signalling pathways, certain ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), among others to be responsible for the failure of CRC chemotherapies. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that certain non-coding RNA (ncRNA) families are involved in chemoresistance. Research investigations have demonstrated that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) contribute towards promoting resistance in CRC via different mechanisms. Considering the currently available data on this phenomenon, a better understanding of how these ncRNAs participate in chemoresistance can lead to suitable solutions to overcome this problem in CRC. 
  • 715
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cinnamon and Cancer
Cinnamon is an evergreen and tropical plant of the family Lauraceae, growing particularly in Sri Lanka, whose aqueous extract has been tested in different studies to evaluate its possible use as an anti-cancer compound. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments seem to confirm that it acts on various cellular pathways, contributing to down-regulating the activity of molecules that stimulate the proliferation and survival of cells such as the transcription factors NF-KB and AP-1, COX-2, dihydrofolate reductase and pro-angiogenic substances such as VEGF, while up-regulating the function of immune cells against tumors, such as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
  • 713
  • 16 May 2023
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