Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19, Atherosclerosis
Clinical studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 mortality is predominantly related to thromboembolic disease and coagulation abnormalities, in which the so-called “cytokine storm” and systemic inflammation play an orchestrating role. Inflammation plays an important pathogenic role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in general and in ischemic heart disease in particular. Endothelial dysfunction, hyperinflammation, and coagulopathy contribute to disease severity and death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, while also being prevalent features of atherosclerosis. The presence of a cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19 causes ARDS or multiorgan dysfunction, including an increased risk of plaque rupture and direct myocardial injury (i.e., myocarditis), leading to high mortality rates. An optimal regulation of the cytokine storm in the early stages of the disease can contribute to treatment effectiveness and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of death in these patients. 
  • 758
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hyponatremia and Non Osmotically-Induced Oxidative Stress
It is well accepted that the central nervous system is not the only target of low [Na+]. Indeed, mild chronic hyponatremia has also been associated with detrimental effects on bone, specifically increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures independently of bone demineralization. 
  • 758
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Orexins in Regulation of Stress Response
The orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide family has emerged as a focal point of neuroscientific research following the discovery that this family plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. These neuropeptides serve as powerful neuromodulators, intricately shaping autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses across species. Notably, they serve as master regulators of vigilance and stress responses; however, their roles in food intake, metabolism, and thermoregulation appear complementary and warrant further investigation.
  • 758
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cell
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied using multiple technical approaches for interrogating various cancers, as they allow for the real-time assessment of tumor progression, disease recurrence, treatment response, and tumor molecular profiling without the need for a tumor tissue biopsy.
  • 755
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Haptoglobin Polymorphism on Stroke in Sickle Cell Disease
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood serum glycoprotein responsible for binding and removing toxic free hemoglobin from the vasculature. Understanding the role of the various Hp isoforms in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is critical in combating blood toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and even stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blocked vessel decreases oxygen delivery in the blood to cerebral tissue and is commonly associated with SCD, and Hp can potentially help to understand how this occur and how to potentially prevent the neurological damage.. 
  • 753
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress
Ionizing radiation (IR) has found widespread application in modern medicine, including medical imaging and radiotherapy. As a result, both patients and healthcare professionals are exposed to various IR doses. To minimize the negative side effects of radiation associated with oxidative imbalance, antioxidant therapy has been considered.
  • 753
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Boron Delivery Agents
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). The development of boron delivery agents has ushered in a new opportunity with the improvement of synthetic techniques and the increased understanding of the biochemical properties of groups.
  • 752
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cinnamon and Cancer
Cinnamon is an evergreen and tropical plant of the family Lauraceae, growing particularly in Sri Lanka, whose aqueous extract has been tested in different studies to evaluate its possible use as an anti-cancer compound. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments seem to confirm that it acts on various cellular pathways, contributing to down-regulating the activity of molecules that stimulate the proliferation and survival of cells such as the transcription factors NF-KB and AP-1, COX-2, dihydrofolate reductase and pro-angiogenic substances such as VEGF, while up-regulating the function of immune cells against tumors, such as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
  • 751
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Blackberries and Mulberries
Blackberries and mulberries are small and perishable fruits that provide significant health benefits when consumed. In reality, both are rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics and volatile compounds, and micronutrients, such as vitamins. All the compounds are well-known thanks to their medicinal and pharmacological properties, namely antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antiviral, and cardiovascular properties. Nevertheless, variables such as genotype, production conditions, fruit ripening stage, harvesting time, post-harvest storage, and climate conditions influence their nutritional composition and economic value. Given these facts, researchers focus on the nutritional and chemical composition, as well as the health benefits, of two blackberry species (Rubus fruticosus L., and Rubus ulmifolius Schott) and one mulberry species (Morus nigra L.).
  • 749
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Structures of Anti-Inflammatory SMs from NPs
Natural products (NPs) have played a vital role in human survival for millennia, particularly for their medicinal properties. Inflammation, derived from the Latin word “inflammation”, is a biological response activated by disruptions to tissue structures from various stimuli, which is commonly indicated as acute or chronic, depending on the response nature and resolution ability. SMs sourced from NPs offer the potential bioactive drug lead compounds.
  • 747
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Depression Treatment
Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. 
  • 744
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mediators of Hepatotoxicity from Excess of Lipids
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries; the molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD are only partially understood and there are no effective therapeutic interventions. The prevalence of liver disease is constantly increasing in industrialized countries due to a number of lifestyle variables, including excessive caloric intake, unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity, and abuse of hepatotoxic medicines. 
  • 744
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Natural Compounds Targeting Inflammation in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths and can be classified as small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approximately 84% of all cases are NSCLC and the remaining 16% belong to SCLC. In recent years, there has been several breakthroughs in NSCLC management through screening, diagnosis and treatment improvements. However, most lung cancer patients will eventually develop resistance to existing treatments. Therefore, there is clearly a need to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC.
  • 740
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A for Neuropathic Pain
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) has found wider therapeutic acceptance in rehabilitation across a range of neurological disorders resulting in spasticity and/or dystonia and in other medical and surgical conditions. The new research shows the toxin is effective against neuropathic pain, a common debilitating condition with poor response to currently available therapy.
  • 738
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression.
  • 738
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Succinate
Extracellular succinate induces cellular changes and tissue adaptation or damage by ligating cell surface succinate receptor-1 (SUCNR-1) and activating downstream signaling pathways and transcriptional programs.
  • 735
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effectiveness and Consequences of Direct Access in Physiotherapy
Direct access in physiotherapy (DAPT) occurs when a patient has the ability to self-refer to physical therapy without physician referral. This model of care in musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) has shown better outcomes than the traditional-based medical model of care that requires physician referral to access physiotherapist services. This traditional physician referral often results in a delay in care. Unfortunately, DAPT is still not permitted in many countries. 
  • 734
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Betulin
Betulin is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene. It consists of four six-membered rings arranged in a trans configuration and one five-membered ring. It is characterized by a range of biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It is also an origin compound for obtaining derivatives with higher biological activity and better bioavailability.
  • 733
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Functional Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cancer Therapy
The conventional therapeutic approach is mainly based on chemotherapy, which has a series of side effects. Compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, nanoparticle-based delivery of anti-cancer drugs possesses a few attractive features. The application of nanotechnology in an interdisciplinary manner in the biomedical field has led to functional nanoparticles achieving much progress in cancer therapy. Nanoparticles have been involved in the diagnosis and targeted and personalized treatment of cancer. For example, different nano-drug strategies, including endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive, surface conjugation, and macromolecular encapsulation for nano-drug systems, have successfully prevented tumor procession.
  • 730
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Canthin-6-Ones
Chronic inflammatory disease (CID) is a category of medical conditions that causes recurrent inflammatory attacks in multiple tissues. The occurrence of CID is related to inappropriate immune responses to normal tissue substances and invading microbes due to many factors, such as defects in the immune system and imbalanced regulation of commensal microbes. Thus, effectively keeping the immune-associated cells and their products in check and inhibiting aberrant activation of the immune system is a key strategy for the management of CID. Canthin-6-ones are a subclass of β-carboline alkaloids isolated from a wide range of species. Several emerging studies based on in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that canthin-6-ones may have potential therapeutic effects on many inflammatory diseases. 
  • 728
  • 28 Apr 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 35
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey