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Topic Review
miR-20 in Central Nervous System
microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that have recently been discovered as fundamental and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miR-20 participate in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes.
  • 995
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
AhR Participates in COVID-19’s Immune-Inflammatory Imbalance
The comprehension of AhR’s role in the COVID-19 framework must consider its participation in human physiology and, in particular, in inflammatory and immune processes, where AhR is involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, as it influences both DCs and T lymphocytes. In DCs, it decreases the expression of the Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHC II). It also regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL12, IL15, and IL18, which are usually produced during DC differentiation. DCs differentiation takes place upon their exposure to T cells, viral/bacterial components or pro-inflammatory molecules, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFNα, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα. This point is of pivotal importance, due to the crosstalk between several inflammatory molecules such as IL-6, TNFα and the AhR pathway. This interplay also reverberates on the differentiation of Th17 and Treg, in particular in type 1 regulatory T cell (TR1) stabilization. AhR can deeply affect T cells metabolism, which can be modulated depending on the AhR ligand. It has been demonstrated that the differentiation of TR1 cells is the result of the sequential collaboration of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) and AhR. In physiologic settings, AhR endows the degradation of HIF-1α, while in inflammation, which is frequently associated with hypoxia, HIF-1α inactivates AHR, thus interfering with TR1 cell differentiation. AhR is also abundantly expressed in DCs. 
  • 994
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis has been defined as the silent disease of the 21st century, becoming a public health risk due to its severity, chronicity and progression and affecting mainly postmenopausal women and older adults. Osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone production. It is diagnosed through different methods such as bone densitometry and dual X-rays. The treatment of this pathology focuses on different aspects.
  • 994
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Seaweed Functionality: Sustainable Bio-Based Material
Sustainable development is an integrated approach to tackle ongoing global challenges such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and climate change. However, a paradigm shift from a fossil-based economy to a bio-based economy must accomplish the circularity principles in order to be sustainable as a solution. The exploration of new feedstock possibilities has potential to unlock the bio-based economy’s true potential, wherein a cascading approach would maximize value creation.
  • 992
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG3) Protein
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder without any objective biomarker available to date. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of neuroinflammation, including T cell responses, and spreading of aggregated α-synuclein in PD progression. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed by peripheral immune cells, microglia and neurons and plays a key role in T cell regulation. The role of LAG3 has been extensively investigated in several human cancers, whereas until recently, the role of LAG3 in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely unknown. Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of LAG3 in PD pathogenesis, mainly by binding to α-synuclein fibrils and affecting its endocytosis and intercellular transmission, which sheds more light on the connection between immune dysregulation and α-synuclein spreading pathology. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble LAG3 (sLAG3) levels have been demonstrated to be potentially associated with PD development and clinical phenotype, suggesting that sLAG3 could represent an emerging PD biomarker. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LAG3 gene have been also related to PD occurrence especially in the female population, enlightening the pathophysiological background of gender-related PD clinical differences. Given also the ongoing clinical trials investigating various LAG3-targeting strategies in human diseases, new opportunities are being developed for PD treatment research. 
  • 992
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Insights and Strategies of Melanoma Immunotherapy
Despite the successes and durable responses with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), many cancer patients, including those with melanoma, do not derive long-term benefits from ICI therapies. The lack of predictive biomarkers to stratify patients to targeted treatments has been the driver of primary treatment failure and represents an unmet medical need in melanoma and other cancers. Understanding genomic correlations with response and resistance to ICI will enhance cancer patients’ benefits. Building on insights into interplay with the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), the ultimate goal should be assessing how the tumor ’instructs’ the local immune system to create its privileged niche with a focus on genomic reprogramming within the TME. It is hypothesized that this genomic reprogramming determines the response to ICI. Furthermore, emerging genomic signatures of ICI response, including those related to neoantigens, antigen presentation, DNA repair, and oncogenic pathways, are gaining momentum. 
  • 991
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Discoidin Domain Receptor
Discoidin domain receptor (DDR) is a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in regulating essential cellular processes such as morphogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and matrix remodeling. As a result, DDR dysregulation has been attributed to a variety of human cancer disorders, for instance, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, and breast cancer, in addition to some inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Since the target identification in the early 1990s to date, a lot of efforts have been devoted to the development of DDR inhibitors.
  • 988
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Anoikis in Brief
Anoikis, a term rooted in the Greek word "anoikos," meaning homelessness. Anoikis is a fundamental process in cellular biology, orchestrating programmed cell death when cells lose their anchorage by detaching from the extracellular matrix (ECM) or surrounding tissue. Beyond its crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, anoikis is deeply intertwined with the complex landscape of cancer biology, metastasis, and tissue regeneration. We embark on a journey through the molecular mechanisms governing anoikis, highlighting its significance in normal physiological processes. However, when it comes to cancer, anoikis dysregulation emerges as a harbinger of disease progression. Cancer cells acquire the ability to evade anoikis, empowering them to navigate the challenges of metastasis by surviving in the bloodstream and colonizing distant organs. They exhibit invasive capabilities, infiltrating neighboring tissues and fueling local tumor expansion. Moreover, this resistance extends to therapeutic interventions, making cancer cells resilient to conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We also explore the mechanisms behind cancer cells' evasion of anoikis, shedding light on alterations in apoptotic pathways, activation of survival signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the role of autophagy in promoting survival during detachment. The promising realm of targeting anoikis resistance in cancer treatment is unveiled, with approaches including apoptosis inducers, inhibitors of survival signaling, anti-EMT therapies, and autophagy inhibitors. These strategies hold potential to restore anoikis sensitivity in cancer cells and curb metastasis, offering hope to patients battling this relentless disease. Comprehending anoikis and its dysregulation in cancer is a pivotal step toward developing innovative therapeutic interventions. By targeting anoikis resistance, we aim to improve treatment outcomes, overcome therapy resistance, and ultimately provide renewed hope to cancer patients facing this formidable adversary.
  • 988
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lotus Genomics and the Contribution to Its Breeding
Genomics is the cornerstone of breeding, and studies based on whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association study have greatly driven forward genomics-assisted breeding in many crops. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), under the Nelumbonaceae family, is one of the relict plants possessing important scientific research and economic values. As a basal eudicot species, lotus plays an essential role in studying plant evolution and phylogeny. It is adapted to the aquatic environment, while its relatives are shrubs or trees living on land. Water lily lies at the phylogenetic position of the base angiosperm and has similar living conditions and flowers. However, its genomes are vastly different. Lotus has unique features such as water-repellent self-cleaning function, multi-seed production, and flower thermogenesis, which may relate to flower protogyny or provide a warm environment for pollination.
  • 987
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Dysfunction in ALS Skeletal Muscle
Defects in mitochondrial structure and function as well as energy metabolism in skeletal muscle contribute to disease pathology and progression, with metabolic dysfunctions appearing long before motor neuron degeneration and death.
  • 985
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Combination Therapy in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Combination therapy with daptomycin plus ceftaroline to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia has been reported to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia-related mortality. The combination therapy group had an in-hospital mortality, duration of bacteremia, and adverse event rate similar to those patients who had monotherapy. There was less bacteremia recurrence in the combination group. Initial combination therapy with ceftaroline for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia showed a trend of reducing the risk of in-hospital mortality. 
  • 981
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Severe gut motility disorders are characterized by an ineffective propulsion of intestinal contents. As a result, patients develop extremely bothering symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting along with altered bowel habit up to radiologically demonstrable intestinal sub-obstructive episodes. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a typical clinical phenotype of severe gut dysmotility due to changes altering the morpho-functional integrity of the intrinsic (enteric) innervation and extrinsic nerve supply (hence neuropathy), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) (mesenchymopathy) and smooth muscle cells (myopathy). In the last years, several genes have been identified in different subsets of CIPO patients. The focus is to cover the most recent update on enteric dysmotility related to CIPO, highlighting: (a) forms with a predominant underlying neuropathy; (b) forms with a predominant myopathy; and (c) mitochondrial disorders with a clear gut dysfunction as part of the clinical phenotype. Researchers will provide a thorough description of the genes that recent evidence showed to cause neuromyopathy thereby leading to the underlying abnormal motor patterns detectable in different types of CIPO.
  • 980
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Toll-Like Receptors and Alpha-Synuclein Proteotoxicity
The misfolding and subsequent abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-Synuclein (αSyn) as insoluble fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and several neurodegenerative disorders. A combination of environmental and genetic factors is linked to αSyn misfolding, among which neuroinflammation is recognized to play an important role. Indeed, a number of studies indicate that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss, suggesting that TLRs could participate in the pathogenesis of PD as promoters of immune/neuroinflammatory responses.
  • 979
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
The Influence of Dietary Supplementations on Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and affects 7–10% of the worldwide population. Neuropathic pain can be induced by the use of drugs, including taxanes, thus triggering chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain or as a consequence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Neuropathic pain is most often a chronic condition, and can be associated with anxiety and depression; thus, it negatively impacts the quality of life. Several pharmacologic approaches exist; however, they can lead to numerous adverse effects. From this perspective, the use of nutraceuticals and diet supplements can be helpful in relieving neuropathic pain and related symptoms.
  • 978
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cinnamomum osmophloeum and Oral Mucositis
Cinnamon plants (Cinnamomum spp.) are of the genus Lauraceae, native to South and Southeast Asia, and are generally used as food flavors and traditional medicinal plants. Cinnamomum osmophloeum, commonly known as indigenous cinnamon or pseudocinnamon, is endemic to Taiwan’s natural hardwood forests.
  • 977
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
RSK Isoforms in AML
Ribosomal S6 Kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases that function downstream of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Four RSK isoforms are directly activated by ERK1/2 in response to extracellular stimuli including growth factors, hormones, and chemokines. RSKs phosphorylate many cytosolic and nuclear targets resulting in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, and motility. In hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), RSK isoforms are highly expressed and aberrantly activated resulting in poor outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, understanding RSK function in leukemia could lead to promising therapeutic strategies. 
  • 976
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Zinc Transporters of the Brain
Zinc ions play an essential role in the physiology of brain function. Zinc acts as a potent neuromodulatory agent and signaling ions, regulating healthy brain development and the function of both neurons and glial cells. Therefore, the concentration of zinc within the brain and its cells is tightly controlled. Zinc transporters are key regulators of (extra-)cellular zinc levels, and deregulation of zinc homeostasis and zinc transporters has been associated with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, more information is provided about the presence of specific zinc transporters and their subcellular localization within brain cells (neurons, astrocytes).
  • 973
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Modulators of Mitochondrial Biology Derived from Marine Resources
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles within eukaryotic cells that act as cellular power houses owing to their ability to efficiently generate the ATP required to sustain normal cell function. Also, they represent a “hub” for the regulation of a plethora of processes, including cellular homeostasis, metabolism, the defense against oxidative stress, and cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are associated with a wide range of human diseases with complex pathologies, including metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Therefore, regulating dysfunctional mitochondria represents a pivotal therapeutic opportunity in biomedicine. Marine ecosystems are biologically very diversified and harbor a broad range of organisms, providing both novel bioactive substances and molecules with meaningful biomedical and pharmacological applications. Many mitochondria-targeting marine-derived molecules have been described to regulate mitochondrial biology, thus exerting therapeutic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial abnormalities, both in vitro and in vivo, through different mechanisms of action.
  • 973
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Zebrafish Kidney's Response to Fasting
Animals obtain nutrition and energy by eating and to achieve a balance between growth and body health. When the nutrient intake is abnormal, the growth status changes, presumably resulting in changes in the intrinsic immune system. The zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-known fish model organism, can serve as a suitable model to explore the changes happened to the innate immune system. In this study, the zebrafish underwent 3 weeks of fasting and refeeding for 3 to 7day periods. During this period, zebrafish displayed a specific growth phenomenon so called compensatory growth (CG), accompanied by increased susceptibility to pathogens after starvation. The kidneys suffering starvation displayed an increase of the amount of melano-macrophage centers and appeared oxidative stress, and the antioxidant enzymes activity like CAT, GSH-Px and SOD increased after fasting. In addition, the activity of ALP and lysozyme as well as il-1β mRNA expression enhanced after starvation. Taken together, oxidative stress caused by starvation and the danger-associated molecular patterns produced by injured renal tubules may have contributed to inflammation. This study showed that the function of the innate immune system in zebrafish could be influenced by nutrition status. Further study is needed to explore how starvation increases susceptibility and how the metabolic state influences different kinds of immune cells.
  • 972
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Improved P Digestibility in Animal Feed and Limitations
A circular phosphorus (P) bioeconomy is not only worthwhile for conserving limited mineral P reservoirs, but also for minimizing negative environmental impacts caused by human-made alterations. Although P is an essential nutrient, most of the P in concentrates based on cereals, legumes and oilseed byproducts is organically bound to phytate. The latter cannot be efficiently utilized by monogastric animals and is therefore diluted into the environment through the manure pathway.
  • 971
  • 19 May 2022
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