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Biography
Allan David Stephen Barr
Allan David Stephen Barr (A. D. S. Barr) (11 September 1930 – 11 February 2018) was a British Chartered Engineer who was a professor at the University of Aberdeen. Barr was selected as Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1983.[1] Allan David Stephen Barr was born on 11 September 1930, in Glasgow, Scotland, son of Allan and Agnes Barr. His father, Allan Barr, was a Professor, a theo
  • 829
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Collaborative Learning
Collaborative learning is an exchange of ideas that enables and improves the interaction between two students (student–student) coping with the learning material on a network. When somebody imagine individuals seemingly completely focused on the screens and keyboards of their devices, people most frequently have a preconception that they are using those learning devices by themselves. However, such images of individual learning accompanied by electronic tools frequently do not reflect the hidden reality. In reality, students often use their computers to interact with others, and it is frequently their peers whom they interact with. These ideas arise from learning technology known as collaborative learning. Collaborative learning principles arise from a well-established approach to education, have a specific meaning and are specifically applied in practice.
  • 828
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Factors of Polymer Weathering
The aging of natural and artificial polymeric materials is a natural phenomenon in metals, glass, minerals and other inorganic materials. The main environmental parameters influencing the degradation of polymeric materials is daylight combined with the effects of temperature, moisture and oxygen. These act as the main parameters of stress for outdoor weathering.
  • 827
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ITER
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment. It is an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor that is being built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, in Provence, southern France. The ITER thermonuclear fusion reactor has been designed to produce a fusion plasma equivalent to 500 megawatts (MW) of thermal output power for around twenty minutes while 50 megawatts of thermal power are injected into the tokamak, resulting in a ten-fold gain of plasma heating power. Thereby the machine aims to demonstrate the principle of producing more thermal power from the fusion process than is used to heat the plasma, something that has not yet been achieved in any fusion reactor. The total electricity consumed by the reactor and facilities will range from 110 MW up to 620 MW peak for 30-second periods during plasma operation. Thermal-to-electric conversion is not included in the design because ITER will not produce sufficient power for net electrical production. The emitted heat from the fusion reaction will be vented to the atmosphere. The project is funded and run by seven member entities—the European Union, India , Japan , China , Russia , South Korea and the United States . The EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing about 45 percent of the cost, with the other six parties contributing approximately 9 percent each. In 2016 the ITER organization signed a technical cooperation agreement with the national nuclear fusion agency of Australia , granting this country access to research results of ITER in exchange for construction of selected parts of the ITER machine. Construction of the ITER Tokamak complex started in 2013 and the building costs were over US$14 billion by June 2015. The construction of the facility is expected to be completed in 2025 when commissioning of the reactor can commence. Initial plasma experiments are scheduled to begin in 2025, with full deuterium–tritium fusion experiments starting in 2035. If ITER becomes operational, it will become the largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment in use with a plasma volume of 840 cubic meters, surpassing the Joint European Torus by almost a factor of 10. The goal of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful use. It is the largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s. ITER's planned successor, DEMO, is expected to be the first fusion reactor to produce electricity in an experimental environment. DEMO's anticipated success is expected to lead to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power stations and future commercial reactors.
  • 827
  • 01 Dec 2022
Biography
Thomas David Petite
Thomas David Petite (born May 30, 1956) is an American inventor and is best known for being one of the five early key inventors of Wireless ad hoc network or IoT Wireless Mesh, Technology.[1] He is Native American and a member of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa tribe. He is also a founder of the Native American Intellectual Property Enterprise Council, a non-profit organization he
  • 827
  • 27 Dec 2022
Biography
Erik Buell
Erik F. Buell (born April 2, 1950, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is the founder, former Chairman and Chief Technical Officer of the Buell Motorcycle Company, which eventually merged with Harley-Davidson Corp. Buell is a pioneer of modern race motorcycle technology. Buell is also the founder of Erik Buell Racing.[1] Erik Buell is now a co founder of VANGUARDSPARK - Electric Urban Mobility (Vangua
  • 826
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Road Traffic Noise Wall Design
Despite the long-term experience in the application of noise walls, the uncertainty in wall panel service life efficiency is almost equal between panels built from established and new materials, which are—because of the desire to increase the sustainability of noise walls—developing at an ever-faster pace. The presented meta-analysis of data collected during a systematic review of concrete, metal, and wood panels’ acoustic and non-acoustic characteristics, long term performance, and cradle-to-gate sustainability aims to reduce this uncertainty and support the process of noise wall design and management by shifting the emphasis in decision making from construction costs to the long-term sustainability of the road traffic noise mitigation project. The multi-criterial analysis showed that when choosing a panel, preference should be given to those using lightweight concrete materials. 
  • 825
  • 19 Jan 2021
Biography
John Texter
John Texter (born August 9, 1949, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania) is an American engineer, chemist, and educator, and is professor of polymer and coating technology at Eastern Michigan University (EMU) in Ypsilanti, Michigan.[1] He is best known for his work in applied dispersion technology and small particle science, for his international conference organization activities, including Particles 2001
  • 822
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Smoke Hazards of Tall Timber Buildings with New Products
Timber buildings can now stand very tall using new products. As timber materials are expected to be easily ignitable, the fire hazard of timber is a concern. Charring of the timber surface would maintain structural stability, but would also be accompanied by smoke. Although treating timber products with fire retardants would delay the ignition time under low radiative heat flux, toxic combustion products and unburnt fuel would be emitted immediately upon burning. More smoke and higher toxic gas concentrations such as carbon monoxide would be given off upon burning some fire retardants under high flashover heat fluxes. Due to the fast upward movement of smoke under stack effect, spreading of toxic smoke in tall timber buildings would lead to a hazardous environment. Engineered timber consists of derivative timber products. New engineered timber products are manufactured with advanced technology and design, including cross-laminated-timber (CLT), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and glue-laminated timber (Glulam). The fire behaviour of timber products has been studied for several decades. However, the smoke hazards of using new timber products in building construction should be monitored. The objective of this study is to inspire stakeholders in fire safety of timber buildings, inter alia smoke hazards, to use new timber products to build tall buildings.
  • 821
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials
The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of pressure perturbations in a medium due to its heating with non-stationary electromagnetic radiation. A new generation of sensors can be engineered based on the sensing of several markers to satisfy the conditions of the multimodal detection principle. From this point of view, photoacoustic-based sensing approaches are essential. The photoacoustic effect relies on the generation of light-induced deformation (pressure) perturbations in media, which is essential for sensing applications since the photoacoustic response is formed due to a contrast in the optical, thermal, and acoustical properties. It is also particularly important to mention that photoacoustic light-based approaches are flexible enough for the measurement of thermal/elastic parameters. Moreover, the photoacoustic approach can be used for imaging and visualization in material research and biomedical applications. The advantages of photoacoustic devices are their compact sizes and the possibility of on-site measurements, enabling the online monitoring of material parameters. The latter has significance for the development of various sensing applications, including biomedical ones, such as monitoring of the biodistribution of biomolecules. To extend sensing abilities and to find reliable measurement conditions, one needs to clearly understand all the phenomena taking place during energy transformation during photoacoustic signal formation. 
  • 821
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells History
In Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems that utilize solar and hydrogen power, which typically include photovoltaic modules, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, hydrogen gas storage, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the cost of these systems is currently higher compared to conventional RAPS systems that employ diesel generators or batteries. Unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) offer a potential solution to reduce the expenses of solar hydrogen renewable energy systems in RAPS by combining the functionalities of the electrolyzer and fuel cell into a single unit, thereby eliminating the need to purchase separate and costly electrolyzer and fuel cell units. URFCs are particularly well-suited for RAPS applications because the electrolyzer and fuel cell do not need to operate simultaneously. In electrolyzer mode, URFCs function similarly to stand-alone electrolyzers. However, in fuel cell mode, the performance of URFCs is inferior to that of stand-alone fuel cells.
  • 821
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Twelve Principles of Green Tribology
Sustainability has become of paramount importance, as evidenced by the increasing number of norms and regulations concerning various sectors. Due to its intrinsic trans-sectorial nature, tribology has drawn the attention of the supporters of sustainability. This discipline allows the environmental, economic, and social impacts to be decreased in a wide range of applications following the same strategies. In 2010, Nosonovsky and Bhushan drew up 12 approaches based on the 12 principles of green chemistry and the 12 principles of green engineering, defining the “12 principles of green tribology.”
  • 818
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nonthermal Decontamination of Raw and Processed Meat
Meat may contain natural, spoilage, and pathogenic microorganisms based on the origin and characteristics of its dietary matrix. Several decontamination substances are used during or after meat processing, which include chlorine, organic acids, inorganic phosphates, benzoates, propionates, bacteriocins, or oxidizers. Unfortunately, traditional decontamination methods are often problematic because of their adverse impact on the quality of the raw carcass or processed meat. The extended shelf-life of foods is a response to the pandemic trend, whereby consumers are more likely to choose durable products that can be stored for a longer period between visits to food stores. This includes changing purchasing habits from “just in time” products “for now” to “just in case” products, a trend that will not fade away with the end of the pandemic.
  • 818
  • 29 Jul 2022
Biography
Arthur Kantrowitz
Arthur Robert Kantrowitz (October 20, 1913 – November 29, 2008) was an United States scientist, engineer, and educator. Kantrowitz grew up in The Bronx, and graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School.[1] He earned his B.S., M.A. and, in 1947, his Ph.D. degrees in physics from Columbia University. Kantrowitz was born in New York City on October 28, 1913. His mother was a costume designer and
  • 817
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Insight and Background of a Blockchain-based IoT economy
In the IoT-based economy, a large number of subjects (companies, public bodies, or private citizens) are willing to buy data or services offered by subjects that provide, operate, or host IoT devices. To support economic transactions in this setting, and to pave the way for the implementation of decentralized algorithmic governance powered by smart contracts, the adoption of the blockchain has been proposed both in scientific literature and in actual projects. The blockchain technology promises a decentralized payment system independent of (and possibly cheaper than) conventional electronic payment systems. However, there are a number of aspects that need to be considered for an effective IoT–blockchain integration. 
  • 816
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Time-resolved Spectroscopy
In physics and physical chemistry, time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques. Most often, processes are studied after the illumination of a material occurs, but in principle, the technique can be applied to any process that leads to a change in properties of a material. With the help of pulsed lasers, it is possible to study processes that occur on time scales as short as 10−16 seconds.
  • 816
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
P21-Class Inshore Patrol Vessel
The P21 class is a class of inshore patrol vessels of the Armed Forces of Malta's Maritime Squadron. They are alternatively known as the Austal class after their builder.
  • 811
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electroless Nickel Plating
Electroless nickel (EN) plating is an auto-catalytic reaction that deposits an even layer of nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy on the surface of a solid material, or substrate, like metal or plastic. The process involves dipping the substrate in a bath of plating solution, where a reducing agent, like hydrated sodium hypophosphite (NaPO2H2 · H2O), reacts with the material's ions to deposit the nickel alloy. The metallurgical properties of the alloy depend on the percentage of phosphorus, which can range from 2–5% (low phosphorus) to 11–14% (high phosphorus). Unlike electroplating, it is not necessary to pass an electric current through the plating solution to form a deposit. Electroless plating prevents corrosion and wear, and can be used to manufacture composite coatings by suspending powder in the bath.[1] EN plating creates an even layer regardless of the geometry of the surface – in contrast to electroplating which suffers from flux-density issues as an electric field will vary due to the surface profile and result in uneven depositions. Depending on the catalyst, EN plating can be applied to non-conductive surfaces.
  • 811
  • 23 Nov 2022
Biography
Jackie Moreland
Jack Wade Moreland, known as Jackie Moreland (March 11, 1938 – December 19, 1971), was an American basketball player for the Detroit Pistons and the former New Orleans Buccaneers. Moreland was one of seven children of James Burgess "Jimmy" Moreland (1891-1974), originally from Arcadia in Bienville Parish in northwestern Louisiana, and the former Lucille Wade (1902-1994), a native of neighbo
  • 811
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cosmetic Container
A cosmetic container is a fully enclosed object used to contain, store, and transport cosmetics. Cosmetics or cosmetic products are substances intended to enhance or preserve the human body's physical appearance or scent. Cosmetic containers are a deeper topic of cosmetic packaging, relating to ISO 22715. According to ISO, cosmetic containers are primary packaging. The container houses the actual product, while the outermost package is considered secondary packaging. These containers play important roles in both marketing and protecting the product.
  • 807
  • 17 Oct 2022
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