Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Analysis of Phytic Acid
Phytate is a six-fold dihydrogenphosphate ester of myo‑inositol or cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol which is the most abundant of nine possible isomers of inositol (Ins). Myo-orientation is also found in the case of phytic acid, which is due to the fact that the maximal number (i.e., five out of six) of phosphate groups are present in thermodynamically stabilized equatorial position. However, the molecule can be inverted from equatorial (1a5e) to the axial (5a1e) orientation between pH 9.0 and pH 9.5.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sotai
Sotai or Sotai-hō (操体法, Sōtai-hō) is a Japan ese form of muscular or movement therapy invented by Keizo Hashimoto (1897–1993), a Japanese medical doctor from Sendai. The term So-tai (操体) is actually the opposite of the Japanese word for exercise: Tai-so (体操). Dr. Hashimoto conceived Sotai as an antidote to the forceful and regimented exercises of Japan, that anyone could practice easily to restore balance and health. Sotai is different from regular exercise because it distinguishes between balanced movements that are natural and beneficial and those that are unnatural and cause strains and physical distortions. The aim of Sotai is to help the body restore and maintain its natural balance. Dr. Hashimoto developed a model of treatment based on restoring structural balance that is claimed to work with the breath and movements toward comfort (or away from pain). He developed Sotai Therapy from traditional East Asian medicine (acupuncture, moxibustion, bone setting (Sekkotsu), Seitai Jutsu) in concert with his knowledge of modern medicine. Sotai Therapy is intended to be a method of neuromuscular reeducation and unwinding muscular holding patterns. According practitioners, Sotai Therapy balances the nervous and muscular systems. Its central principle is backtracking movement or "reverse-motion" treatment. The idea is that structural distortions can be returned to a more normal condition by moving the body in the comfortable direction. Using the effects of an isometric contraction followed by a sudden relaxation (post-isometric relaxation) can normalise the strained condition.
  • 3.3K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Operation Mode and Architectures
Energy security and the resilience of electricity networks have gained critical momentum as subjects of research. The challenges of meeting the increasing electrical energy demands and the decarbonisation efforts necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change have highlighted the importance of microgrids for the effective integration of renewable energy sources. Microgrids (MGs) can operate in grid-connected and islanded operation. MG architectures are categorised as alternating current microgrid (ACMG), direct current microgrid (DCMG) and hybrid microgrid (HMG).
  • 3.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
List of Minerals U–V (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letters U and V. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 3.3K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Natural Compounds as Ferroptosis Inducers
Ferroptosis is classified as a non-canonical cell death mechanism. To date, several natural compounds have been discovered to induce ferroptosis in different cancer models.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Silicon Field Effect Transistors (FET)
Highly sensitive and selective gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor platforms with fast response and recovery kinetics are in high demand for environmental health monitoring, industry, and medical diagnostics. Among the various categories of gas sensors studied to date, field effect transistors (FETs) have proved to be an extremely efficient platform due to their miniaturized form factor, high sensitivity, and ultra-low power consumption. Despite the advent of various kinds of new materials, silicon (Si) still enjoys the advantages of excellent and reproducible electronic properties and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technologies for integrated multiplexing and signal processing.
  • 3.3K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Giant Cheetah
The giant cheetah (Acinonyx pardinensis) is an extinct felid species that was closely related to the modern cheetah.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog–GLI (HH) signaling plays an essential role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway through mutations or other mechanisms is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinomas. Activation of HH signaling sustains proliferation, suppresses cell death signals, enhances invasion and metastasis, deregulates cellular metabolism and promotes angiogenesis and tumor inflammation. Targeted inhibition of the HH pathway has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Minerals’ Role in Human Nutrition
Micronutrients such as selenium, fluoride, zinc, iron, and manganese are minerals that are crucial for many body homeostatic processes supplied at low levels. The importance of these micronutrients starts early in the human life cycle and continues across its different stages.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Social Movement
A social movement is a collective, organized effort by individuals or groups to bring about social, political, economic, or cultural change. These movements typically mobilize around specific issues, grievances, or ideals, aiming to challenge existing power structures, advocate for reforms, or promote alternative visions of society. Social movements employ a variety of tactics, including protests, demonstrations, advocacy campaigns, and grassroots organizing, to raise awareness, mobilize support, and effectuate social transformation.
  • 3.3K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Goalkeeper CIWS
Goalkeeper is a Dutch close-in weapon system (CIWS) introduced in 1979. It is an autonomous and completely automatic weapon system for short-range defence of ships against highly manoeuvrable missiles, aircraft and fast-manoeuvering surface vessels. Once activated the system automatically undertakes the entire air defence process from surveillance and detection to destruction, including the selection of the next priority target.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vehicles Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions
In the automotive field the term “particulate matter (PM)” is used for the collected matter on a flow-through filter under specific conditions, and the term “particle” for aerosol particles measured while airborne (suspended matter). Particles are divided into “volatile” and “non-volatile” (or solid) at tailpipe conditions (high temperature, high concentration). Species that at tailpipe conditions appear volatile, may partition toward the particulate phase at atmospheric conditions (low temperature), and the term semi-volatile better characterizes them. The term “semi-volatiles” (instead of “volatiles”) will be used loosely in this text to indicate species not counted after dilution and thermal pre-treatment at 300–400 °C. The term ultrafine particles (i.e., particles < 100 nm) is not so common in the automotive community. Even though the majority of particles has sizes <100 nm, the tail extends to larger sizes. A recent review argued that a better definition for ultrafine particles (focusing on the automotive field) would be particles <500 nm.
  • 3.3K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
AI Technologies for Identifying Plagiarism: A Comprehensive Review
This paper reviews some of the popular artificial intelligence (AI) tools used for detecting plagiarism, a major concern in both academic and professional writing. AI-driven tools provide an effective means to identify and deter plagiarism by using various methods such as lexical analysis, text pattern matching, and natural language processing (NLP). By integrating deep learning algorithms, these tools have enhanced their ability to analyze and compare texts for similarities across multiple sources. They are capable of quickly and accurately identifying duplicated text, detecting writing style similarities, and uncovering potential self-plagiarism instances. The paper will compare these AI tools in terms of accuracy, efficiency, cost, scope, user-friendliness, reporting features, and customer support.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 May 2025
Topic Review
Sunflower Seeds, Oil and Oilcake
Ample amounts of by-products are generated from the oil industry. Among them, sunflower oilcakes have the potential to be used for human consumption, thus achieving the concept of sustainability and circular economy. Sunflower oil contains principally oleic (19.81%) and linoleic (64.35%) acids, which cannot be synthetized by humans and need to be assimilated through a diet. Sunflower seeds are very nutritive (33.85% proteins and 65.42% lipids and 18 mineral elements). Due to the rich content of lipids, they are principally used as a source of vegetable oil. Compared to seeds, sunflower oilcakes are richer in fibers (31.88% and 12.64% for samples in form of pellets and cake, respectively) and proteins (20.15% and 21.60%), with a balanced amino acids profile. The remaining oil (15.77% and 14.16%) is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids (95.59% and 92.12%). The comparison between the three products showed the presence of valuable components that makes them suitable for healthy diets with an adequate intake of nutrients and other bioactive compounds with benefic effects.
  • 3.3K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Stepwells as Sustainable Water Management Structures
Stepwells were one such effective water management technologies used in India. Stepwells were constructed based on their geographical and topographical suitability, which revealed socio-cultural behaviors and beliefs.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen FRS (/ˈtɪnbɜːrɡən/; Dutch: [ˈnikoːlaːs ˈnikoː ˈtɪnbɛrɣən]; 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns in animals. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behavior. In 1951, he published The Study of Instinct, an influential book on animal behaviour. In the 1960s, he collaborated with filmmaker Hugh Falkus on a series of wildlife films, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.
  • 3.3K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Green Customer Value
Green Customer Value means the attitude of customers towards green products has effects on their green purchase intention. The green customer's perceived value, including environmental value and perceived environmental image, have significant and positive influences on attitude towards the green product. 
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Redox Flow Batteries
Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) are electrochemical energy storage devices that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible oxidation and reduction of the working fluids. Redox flow batteries are considered by many to be a promising technology for the storage of energy for days or even weeks. Other advantages of RFBs are modularly and the ability to change the output power and energy capacity independently, by changing the size and number of cells in a stack and by adjusting the volume of electrolyte. Also, RFBs show a long lifecycle compared to lithium-ion batteries.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Disorders and Postpartum Reproduction in Dairy Cows
Early successful conception of postpartum dairy cows is crucial in determining the optimum reproductive efficiency and profitability in modern dairy farming. Due to the inherent high production potential of modern dairy cows, the extra stress burden of peri-parturient events, and associated endocrine and metabolic changes causes negative energy balance (NEBAL) in postpartum cows. The occurrence of NEBAL is associated with excessive fat mobilization in the form of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The phenomenon of NEFA mobilization furthers with occurrence of ketosis and fatty liver in postpartum dairy cows. High NEFAs and ketones are negatively associated with health and reproductive processes. An additional burden of hypocalcemia, ruminal acidosis, and high protein metabolism in postpartum cows presents further consequences for health and reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. 
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Satellite Geodesy
Satellite geodesy is geodesy by means of artificial satellites — the measurement of the form and dimensions of Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy. Traditional astronomical geodesy is not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques. The main goals of satellite geodesy are: Satellite geodetic data and methods can be applied to diverse fields such as navigation, hydrography, oceanography and geophysics. Satellite geodesy relies heavily on orbital mechanics.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2727
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback