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Topic Review
Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence
Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. 
  • 346
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
AI-Based Diagnosis of Renal Cance
Globally, renal cancer (RC) is the 10th most common cancer among men and women. The new era of artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics have allowed the development of AI-based computer-aided diagnostic (AI-based CAD/CAP) systems, which have shown promise for the diagnosis of RC (i.e., subtyping, grading, and staging) and prediction of clinical outcomes at an early stage. This will absolutely help reduce diagnosis time, enhance diagnostic abilities, reduce invasiveness, and provide guidance for appropriate management procedures to avoid the burden of unresponsive treatment plans. 
  • 342
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Emotion Recognition from Physiological Signals
In many treatments for medical and psychosomatic disorders, such as physical therapy and other relaxation techniques, there is often a lack of consistent feedback on how well a patient responds to the therapy. This lack of feedback often leads to high drop-out rates and irregular training, which hinders the therapy’s ability to constantly yield an improved physical or psychological state. Implementing affective engineering in real-life applications requires the ability to effectively recognize emotions using physiological measurements. Despite being a widely researched topic, there seems to be a lack of systems that translate results from data collected in a laboratory setting to higher technology readiness levels. 
  • 339
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Joint Pathologies and Acoustic Emissions
The condition of a joint in a human being is prone to wear and several pathologies, particularly in the elderly and athletes. Current means towards assessing the overall condition of a joint to assess for a pathology involve using tools such as X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging, to name a couple. These expensive methods are of limited availability in resource-constrained environments and pose the risk of radiation exposure to the patient. The prospect of acoustic emissions (AEs) presents a modality that can monitor the joints’ conditions passively by recording the high-frequency stress waves emitted during their motion.
  • 337
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
High-Frequency Sensors
Wearable sensing is an emergent technology for the monitoring of human vital signs in various fields such as health, sports, and the military. High-frequency respiration sensors offer unique advantages such as smaller size and wireless communication capabilities, making them suitable for various applications in healthcare and wearable technology. Moreover, this classification based on operating frequency is useful in the context of human safety concerning electromagnetic radiations and for the assessment of sensor systems in the presence of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).
  • 336
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Yoga Pose Estimation
Correct posture alignment is crucial in the practice of yoga. Posture is essential for all forms of exercise, but it is particularly critical in yoga to obtain the benefits and prevent yoga-related sports injuries. Yoga pose classification has been accomplished using a variety of computer vision techniques.
  • 331
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Basic Concepts of Myoelectric Control
Surface electromyography (sEMG) signal analysis refers to a series of processing steps applied to the acquired human sEMG signals using signal acquisition devices. The primary objective is to eliminate irrelevant noise unrelated to the intended movements while retaining as many useful features as possible. This process aims to accurately identify the user’s intended movements.
  • 328
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Continuum Robots and Magnetic Soft Robots
Magnetic soft robots, as an innovative branch of the soft robotics discipline, are eye-catching because of their excellent controllability and high flexibility under the control of magnetic fields. Thanks to the properties of magnetic materials, this type of robot can be manufactured into extremely fine micro guide wires, making it particularly applicable in fields such as minimally invasive pipeline interventional treatment or interventional laser surgery. Although magnetic soft robots and continuum robots belong to the same category of soft robots, they show obvious differences and complementarities in design concepts, application scenarios, and technical implementation. Especially from the perspective of structural size, continuum robots have encountered certain challenges in miniaturization, and magnetic soft robots can be regarded as an important expansion and deepening of continuum robots in terms of size reduction.
  • 322
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bioengineering Liver Organoids
Organoids as three-dimension (3D) cellular organizations partially mimic the physiological functions and micro-architecture of native tissues and organs, holding great potential for clinical applications. Advances in the identification of essential factors including physical cues and biochemical signals for controlling organoid development have contributed to the success of growing liver organoids from liver tissue and stem/progenitor cells. However, to recapitulate the physiological properties and the architecture of a native liver, one has to generate liver organoids that contain all the major liver cell types in correct proportions and relative 3D locations as found in a native liver.
  • 321
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Application of Lab-on-a-Chip Techniques for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging
Single-molecule imaging technologies, especially those based on fluorescence, have been developed to probe both the equilibrium and dynamic properties of biomolecules at the single-molecular and quantitative levels. Lab-on-a-chip techniques have emerged as valuable tools in single-molecule fluorescence imaging, offering numerous advantages and enabling new possibilities for experimental design and analysis.
  • 316
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Monitoring in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Good sleep quality is of primary importance in ensuring people’s health and well-being. In fact, sleep disorders have well-known adverse effects on quality of life, as they influence attention, memory, mood, and various physiological regulatory body functions. Sleep alterations are often strictly related to age and comorbidities. For example, in neurodegenerative diseases, symptoms may be aggravated by alterations in sleep cycles or, vice versa, may be the cause of sleep disruption. Therefore, neurodegenerative diseases have also typical sleep sympthoms. In the clinical practice, different investigation about sleep aspects can be performed, producing a complex picture of different sleep monitoring approaches.
  • 314
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Exploring Huntington’s Disease Diagnosis via Artificial Intelligence-Powered Models
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. The early and accurate diagnosis of HD is crucial for effective intervention and patient care. 
  • 312
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Radar-Based Invisible Biometric Authentication
Bio-Radar (BR) systems have shown great promise for biometric applications. Conventional methods can be forged, or fooled; even alternative methods intrinsic to the user, such as the Electrocardiogram (ECG), present drawbacks as they require contact with the sensor.
  • 309
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players
American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. 
  • 307
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Collagen-Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Orthopedics has been identified as a major clinical medicine branch since the 18th century for musculoskeletal disease diagnosis and therapeutics. Along with technological progress, the surgical treatment of bone disorders became available in the 19th century, while its growth faced several obstacles due to a lack of proper biocompatible material and alternative structures. Therefore, tissue engineering has emerged as a key building block to overcome these challenges, providing the capability for bone growth, and fabricating scaffolds with enriched desirable cellular compatibility as well as mechanical properties. Among various structures, the electrospun layer has implied high porosity and fine pore sizes, and succeeded in cell growth and proliferation. Collagen nanofibers have represented a wide potential for mineralization, bone regeneration, and forming processes. Despite this, such scaffolds have accosted bone remodeling limitations due to inadequate osteoinductivity and mechanical strength. Hence, the tendency to fabricate efficient collagen-based nanofibrous layers enriched with organic and inorganic materials has been extensively declared. Embedding these materials leads to engineering a membrane with appropriate physical, degradability, and mechanical properties, as well as proper mineralization and biological activity required for better replicating the bone organ’s natural microenvironment.
  • 306
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Drowning Behaviour and Signs
Drowning poses a significant threat, resulting in unexpected injuries and fatalities. To promote water sports activities, it is crucial to develop surveillance systems that enhance safety around pools and waterways. 
  • 305
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microsurgery Robots
Microsurgical techniques have been widely utilized in various surgical specialties, such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology, which require intricate and precise surgical tool manipulation on a small scale. In microsurgery, operations on delicate vessels or tissues require high standards in surgeons’ skills. This exceptionally high requirement in skills leads to a steep learning curve and lengthy training before the surgeons can perform microsurgical procedures with quality outcomes. To address these challenges, a growing number of researchers have begun to explore the use of robotic technologies in microsurgery and have developed various microsurgery robotic (MSR) systems. 
  • 298
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
AI-Based Imaging Techniques Applications
AI-based imaging techniques can be divided in eight distinct categories: acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, registration, classification, object localization, segmentation, and visualization. These can also be organized in the clinical process pipeline broadly encompassing prevention, diagnostics, planning, therapy, prognostic, and monitoring. It is also possible to focus on the human organ or physiological process under focus.
  • 298
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient’s own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges.
  • 298
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Brain Tumor Classification from MRI
The independent detection and classification of brain malignancies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can present challenges and the potential for error due to the intricate nature and time-consuming process involved. The complexity of the brain tumor identification process primarily stems from the need for a comprehensive evaluation spanning multiple modules. The advancement of deep learning (DL) has facilitated the emergence of automated medical image processing and diagnostics solutions, thereby offering a potential resolution to this issue. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) represent a prominent methodology in visual learning and image categorization. 
  • 295
  • 22 Sep 2023
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