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Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of gastric cancer, which is the second-most common cancer-related death in the world. The chronic inflammatory environment in the gastric mucosal epithelia during H. pylori infection stimulates intracellular signaling pathways, namely inflammatory signals, which may lead to the promotion and progression of cancer cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles produced by healthy as well as diseased cells. Their proteic, lipidic and nucleic acid composition is related to the cell of origin, and by vehiculating bioactive molecules they are involved in cell-to-cell signaling, both in healthy and pathologic conditions. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, scarcely immunogenic, and possessing targeting ability and organotropism, exosomes have been proposed as nanocarriers for their potential application in diagnosis and therapy. Among the different techniques exploited for exosome isolation, the sequential ultracentrifugation/ultrafiltration method seems to be the gold standard; alternatively, commercially available kits for exosome selective precipitation from cell culture media are frequently employed. To load a drug or a detectable agent into exosomes, endogenous or exogenous loading approaches have been developed, while surface engineering procedures, such as click chemistry, hydrophobic insertion and exosome display technology, allow for obtaining actively targeted exosomes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Isoliquiritigenin in Cancer
Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural bioactive compound with a chalcone structure, demonstrates high antitumor efficacy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
LAT1 and ASCT2 Related microRNAs
The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been associated with genetic and epigenetic alterations and more recently with changes in cell metabolism. Amino acid trans-porters are key players in tumor development, and it is described that tumor cells upregulate some AA transporters in order to support the increased amino acid (AA) intake to sustain the tumor additional needs for tumor growth and proliferation through the activation of several signaling pathways. LAT1 and ASCT2 are two AA transporters involved in the regulation of the mTOR pathway that has been reported as upregulated in CRC. Some attempts have been made in order to develop therapeutic approaches to target these AA transporters, however none have reached the clinical setting so far. MiRNA-based therapies have been gaining increasing attention from pharmaceutical companies and now several miRNA-based drugs are currently in clinical trials with promising results.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy
Cancer has a negative impact on patients’ health and livelihoods, making it one of the most formidable adversaries of humanity. Cancer immunoediting is a major mechanism for controlling cancer that consists of three sequential phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The interactions between immune systems and cancer cells are dynamic and constantly evolve because of the surrounding living environment, medical interventions, or genetic factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
HMGA Proteins in Hematological Malignancies
The high mobility group AT-Hook (HMGA) proteins are a family of nonhistone chromatin remodeling proteins known as “architectural transcriptional factors”. By binding the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences, they interact with the transcription apparatus, altering the chromatin modeling and regulating gene expression by either enhancing or suppressing the binding of the more usual transcriptional activators and repressors, although they do not themselves have any transcriptional activity. Their involvement in both benign and malignant neoplasias is well-known and supported by a large volume of studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Anatomical Resection
Anatomical resection (AR), described as systematic removal of a liver segment confined by tumor-bearing portal tributaries, may improve survival by reducing the risk of tumor recurrence compared with non-AR.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Reactive T Cells
Neoantigens are mutated proteins that arise from tumor-specific mutations.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Heterogeneity in ESCC
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common and aggressive malignancy, with hitherto dismal clinical outcome. Genomic analyses of patient samples reveal a complex heterogeneous landscape for ESCC, which presents in both intertumor and intratumor forms, manifests at both genomic and epigenomic levels, and contributes significantly to tumor evolution, drug resistance, and metastasis.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Large Intestine Innervation during CRC
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases. While, since the 1970s, the consensus is that tumors lack innervation, there are clear evidences of connections between the nervous system and cancer. CRC, as a tumor, possesses nerve fibres from peripheral nervous system (PNS), as part of its microenvironment, as well as axons from both branches of autonomic NS and primary sensory neurons. The structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are important. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of neurotransmitters (Nts) (including neuropeptides, NPs), neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors in CRC liver metastasis (LM) development. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ferroptosis Regulation by p53
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in tumor suppression. In addition to tumor suppression, p53 is also involved in many other biological and pathological processes, such as immune response, maternal reproduction, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. While it has been widely accepted that the role of p53 in regulation of cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis contributes greatly to the function of p53 in tumor suppression, emerging evidence has implicated that p53 also exerts its tumor suppressive function through regulation of many other cellular processes, such as metabolism, anti-oxidant defense and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a unique iron-dependent form of programmed cell death driven by lipid peroxidation in cells. Ferroptosis has been reported to be involved in cancer, tissue ischemia/reperfusion injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis can be regulated by p53 and its signaling pathway as well as tumor-associated mutant p53. Interestingly, the regulation of ferroptosis by p53 appears to be highly context-dependent.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Natural Compounds and Lymphoma
       Lymphoma is a group of blood malignancies that develop from lymphocytes        A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life.         Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Iron Dysregulation in Human Cancer
Iron (Fe) is a trace element that plays essential roles in various biological processes such as DNA synthesis and repair, as well as cellular energy production and oxygen transport, and it is currently widely recognized that iron homeostasis is dysregulated in many cancers. Indeed, several iron homeostasis proteins may be responsible for malignant tumor initiation, proliferation, and for the metastatic spread of tumors. A large number of studies demonstrated the potential clinical value of utilizing these deregulated proteins as prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers of malignancy and/or response to anticancer treatments. Additionally, the iron present in cancer cells and the importance of iron in ferroptosis cell death signaling pathways prompted the development of therapeutic strategies against advanced stage or resistant cancers.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Keep Calm and Carry on with Extra Centrosomes
Aberrations in the centrosome number and structure can readily be detected at all stages of tumor progression and are considered hallmarks of cancer. Centrosome anomalies are closely linked to chromosome instability and, therefore, are proposed to be one of the driving events of tumor formation and progression. This concept, first posited by Boveri over 100 years ago, has been an area of interest to cancer researchers.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer in Taiwan
Lung cancers are life-threatening malignancies that cause great healthcare burdens in Taiwan and worldwide. The 5-year survival rate for Taiwanese patients with lung cancer is approximately 29%, an unsatisfactorily low number that remains to be improved. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Function of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic metalloenzymes. MMP-9, a member of the gelatinase B family, is characterized as one of the most intricate MMPs. The crucial involvement of MMP-9 in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling underscores its significant correlation with each stage of cancer pathogenesis and progression. The design and synthesis of MMP-9 inhibitors is a potentially attractive research area.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cholic Acid
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a crucial role in cell invasion and cancer metastasis. In this study, we showed that cholic acid (CA), a major primary bile acid, can induce MMP-9 expression in colon cancer HT29 and SW620 cells. CA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and also activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK. Specific inhibitors and mutagenesis studies showed that ERK1/2 and JNK functioned as upstream signals in the activation of AP-1, and p38 MAPK functioned as an upstream signal in the activation of NF-κB. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an ROS scavenger) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) inhibited CA-induced activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, indicating that ROS production by NADPH oxidase could be the furthest upstream signal in MMP-9 expression. Colon cancer cells pretreated with CA showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness. Such enhancement was partially abrogated by MMP-9-neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate that CA could induce MMP-9 expression via ROS-dependent ERK1/2, JNK-activated AP-1, and p38-MAPK-activated NF-κB signaling pathways, which in turn stimulate cell invasion in human colon cancer cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Anti-Cancer Effects of Oleuropein
Longevity and lower morbidity and mortality have long been associated with olive oil use in the Mediterranean diet. Olive leaves have been used to treat malaria fever since ancient times, and numerous studies have shown that olive oil and olive leaves can enhance health by reducing cardiovascular and neurological illnesses. Oleuropein (Ole) is the principal phenolic chemical found in all sections of the olive tree Olea europaea L., and their health advantages are described below, as it is found in all parts of the tree, particularly in raw olive fruit and leaves. Ole is an ester of oleanolic acid and hydroxytyrosol (HT), which was discovered in 1908. Ole aglycone is generated when Ole is hydrolyzed during the mechanical extraction of green olives, and it has a bitter taste. Ole is broken down into HT, which is found in abundance in processed olive oil and fruit. Ole can be degraded chemically or enzymatically. Many factors influence the amount of Ole in olive trees, including cultivar and production area, as well as soil moisture content, pollutants, and atmospheric conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Pathogenesis
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with limited therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. Although neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and radiation exposure have been identified as risk factors for MPNST, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying MPNST pathogenesis have only lately been roughly elucidated. Plexiform neurofibroma (PN) and atypical neurofibromatous neoplasm of unknown biological potential (ANNUBP) are novel concepts of MPNST precancerous lesions, which revealed sequential mutations in MPNST development. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acids in Cancer
Cancer metabolism is an emerging field of investigation aimed at identifying cancer cell vulnerabilities in order to define novel anti-cancer therapeutic approaches based on interventions that modulate the availability of specific nutrients. Amino acids (AAs) are used by cancer cells as both building blocks for protein synthesis required for rapid tumor growth and as sources of energy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
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