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Topic Review
cfDNA Analysis
Degraded DNA fragments released into the blood or other fluids are known as cfDNA. Its first detection dates back to 1948 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • 507
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Leishmania for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis.
  • 506
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alarmins and MicroRNAs in Genesis of Respiratory Diseases
Alarmins support the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases as asthma through ferroptosis and the axis composed of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33. The mechanisms supporting the development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases and the role of HMBG1 and IL-33 are described.
  • 505
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis—a systemic inflammatory disease—is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. As such, the prevention of disease progression is of global interest in order to reduce annual deaths at a significant scale. Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque formation in the arteries, resulting in vascular events such as ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Sphingolipids—a lipid class named after the chimeric creature sphinx—are considered to play a critical and, metaphorically, equally chimeric regulatory role in atherogenesis.
  • 504
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Leukemia-Initiating Cells and Leukemic Niches in T-ALL
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive subtype of hematological malignancy characterized by its high heterogeneity and potentially life-threatening clinical features. It has shown the indispensable effects of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) and leukemic niches on T-ALL initiation and progression. These milestones greatly facilitate precision medicine by interfering with the pathways that are associated with LICs and leukemic niches or by targeting themselves directly. Most of these novel agents, either alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, have shown promising preclinical results, facilitating them to be further evaluated under clinical trials. 
  • 504
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Treating the Retinal Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Retinal diseases are major causes of irreversible vision loss and blindness. Despite extensive research into their pathophysiology and etiology, pharmacotherapy effectiveness and surgical outcomes remain poor. Based largely on numerous preclinical studies, administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy for retinal diseases holds great promise, and various approaches have been applied to the therapies. 
  • 503
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Human Endogenous Retroviruses in a Clinical Setting
Human ERVs (HERVs) make up roughly 8.3% of the genome and over the course of evolution, HERV elements underwent positive selection and accrued mutations that rendered them non-infectious; thereby, the genome could co-opt them into constructive roles with important biological functions. 
  • 503
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PNO and PNLA Inhibit the Inflammatory Response
The health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and Pinolenic acid (PNLA) in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. The expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The anti-inflammatory effects of PNO have been shown in in vitro and in in vivo animal models, which have also been demonstrated with PNLA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)  impact inflammation by several mechanisms, including altering membrane function and structure, and regulating the synthesis of lipid mediators.
  • 503
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
B-Lymphocytes in Progression to Osteoporosis
B-lymphocytes—typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity—have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-β1 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. 
  • 503
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PD-L1 Expression in Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy
PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy (anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy) has achieved unprecedented clinical efficacy for patients with various types and stages of cancers. PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues has clearly shown the predictive value in many types of cancers, as patient responses to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy are linearly associated with increased levels of PD-L1 expression in many types of cancers. However, positive PD-L1 expression can only partially predict which patients benefit from therapy, as a subset of patients whose tumors lack expression of PD-L1 has also been shown to respond positively to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
  • 501
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immune Cell Trafficking across the Different CNS Barriers
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known for the manifestation of demyelinated lesions throughout the CNS, leading to neurodegeneration. To date, not all pathological mechanisms that drive disease progression are known, but the clinical benefits of anti-CD20 therapies have put B cells in the spotlight of MS research.
  • 501
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disorder worldwide, with a prevalence of 1–20% in both children and adults. It is believed to be the first step of the so-called ‘atopic march’ in which AD is followed by allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic bronchial asthma, and food allergies. 
  • 499
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophils and Flaviviruses
Neutrophils are first-line responders to infections and are recruited to target tissues through the action of chemoattractant molecules, such as chemokines. Neutrophils are crucial for the control of bacterial and fungal infections, but their role in the context of viral infections has been understudied. Flaviviruses are important human viral pathogens transmitted by arthropods. Infection with a flavivirus may result in a variety of complex disease manifestations, including hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis or congenital malformations. Our understanding of flaviviral diseases is incomplete, and so is the role of neutrophils in such diseases. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the participation of neutrophils in severe disease forms evolving from flavivirus infection, focusing on the role of chemokines and their receptors as main drivers of neutrophil function. Neutrophil activation during viral infection was shown to interfere in viral replication through effector functions, but the resulting inflammation is significant and may be detrimental to the host. For congenital infections in humans, neutrophil recruitment mediated by CXCL8 would be catastrophic. 
  • 498
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ocular and Oral Microbiome
The immune-privileged healthy eye has a small unique population of microbiota. Typically, ocular microflorae are commensals of low diversity that colonize the external and internal sites of the eye, without instigating any disorders. Any alteration in the symbiotic relationship culminates in the perturbation of ocular homeostasis and shifts the equilibrium toward local or systemic inflammation and, in turn, impaired visual function. A compositional variation in the ocular microbiota is associated with surface disorders such as keratitis, blepharitis, and conjunctivitis, however, studies now implicate non-ocular microbial dysbiosis in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), uveitis, and diabetic retinopathy. A methodical understanding of the mechanisms of invasion and host-microbial interaction is of paramount importance for preventative and therapeutic interventions for vision-threatening conditions.
  • 498
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
S100 Proteins in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases
Very well-known AMP-family members are S100 proteins that constitute the largest, multigenic, and calcium-binding protein family in vertebrates. Over 20 types of these proteins have been identified, of which 13 are expressed in the normal or diseased human epidermis. The name of the S100 proteins is due to their biochemical characteristics, namely, they are 100% soluble in saturated ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. S100 proteins are small, acidic proteins with a molecular weight of 9–13 kDa. They are produced as monomers, but exist in cells as anti-parallel homo- and heterodimers, in which monomers are held together by non-covalent bonds and are oriented by a two-fold axis of rotation. Dimers can further associate to form higher-order multimers. Each S100 monomer consists of two helix–loop–helix structural motifs that are Ca2+-binding domains termed EF-hands. 
  • 497
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pyroptosis and Cervical Cancer
Pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death, is characterized by the caspase-mediated pore formation of plasma membranes and the release of large quantities of inflammatory mediators. The morphological characteristics, induction mechanism and action process of pyroptosis have been gradually unraveled. As a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, cervical cancer is seriously harmful to women’s health. It has been found that pyroptosis is closely related to the initiation and development of cervical cancer.
  • 497
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Immunotherapy
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor with dismal survival and poor response to conventional therapies. Therefore, the development of immunotherapy for GBM treatment is necessary. 
  • 496
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 Receptors
The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular motifs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that induce inflammasome assembly in macrophages and trigger signal transduction pathways, thereby leading to the transcription of inflammatory cytokine genes. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) represent a family of cytosolic PRRs involved in the detection of intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria or viruses.
  • 496
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Immunoglobulins in Brief
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are integral components of the immune system, serving as versatile molecules that play a central role in adaptive immunity. This research explores the diverse world of immunoglobulins, from their structure and classification to their functions, production, and therapeutic applications. 
  • 496
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Transcriptional Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
The study of immune evasion has gained a well-deserved eminence in cancer research by successfully developing a new class of therapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, anti-PD-1 antibodies. By aiming at the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), these new therapeutics have advanced cancer treatment with notable increases in overall survival and tumor remission. 
  • 495
  • 05 Apr 2021
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