Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Mitochondrial DNA: Distribution, Mutations and Distribution
Mitochondrion harbors its own DNA (mtDNA), which encodes many critical proteins for the assembly and activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. mtDNA is packed by many proteins to form a nucleoid that uniformly distributes within the mitochondrial matrix, which is essential for mitochondrial functions. Defects or mutations of mtDNA result in a range of diseases. Damaged mtDNA could be eliminated by mitophagy, and all paternal mtDNA are degraded by endonuclease G or mitophagy during fertilization.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis has been defined as the silent disease of the 21st century, becoming a public health risk due to its severity, chronicity and progression and affecting mainly postmenopausal women and older adults. Osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone production. It is diagnosed through different methods such as bone densitometry and dual X-rays. The treatment of this pathology focuses on different aspects.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy
Cancer recurrence and metastasis, following successful treatment, constitutes a critical threat in clinical oncology and are the leading causes of death amongst cancer patients. This phenomenon is largely attributed to metastatic tumor dormancy, a rate-limiting stage during cancer progression, in which disseminated cancer cells remain in a viable, yet not proliferating state for a prolonged period. Dormant cancer cells are characterized by their entry into cell cycle arrest and survival in a quiescence state to adapt to their new microenvironment through the acquisition of mutations and epigenetic modifications, rendering them resistant to anti-cancer treatment and immune surveillance. Under favorable conditions, disseminated dormant tumor cells ‘re-awake’, resume their proliferation and thus colonize distant sites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lectin Activity
A purificação de biomoléculas com alto grau de especificidade, como as lectinas, tem despertado interesse no uso de leitos fixos não tradicionais funcionalizados com ligantes de particular interesse. A interação é robusta o suficiente para permitir a adsorção de glicoproteínas e reversível o suficiente para permitir a dissociação de moléculas em resposta a mudanças no pH da solução. Estudos sobre adsorventes não convencionais, como suportes cromatográficos, podem fundamentar, enriquecer e auxiliar projetos em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Criogênios de poliacrilamida são emergentes e eficientes, podendo ser sintetizados e ter suas matrizes modificadas para múltiplos fins e técnicas cromatográficas. Também são funcionais e apresentam baixo custo quando comparados aos adsorventes cromatográficos convencionais. Nesse contexto, as lectinas podem ser utilizadas principalmente na prevenção de doenças autoimunes e em estudos com biossensores.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Sialylation Accumulates in Cancer Tissues and Promotes Development
The tumor microenvironment (TME), where the tumor cells incite the surrounding normal cells to create an immune suppressive environment, reduces the effectiveness of immune responses during cancer development. Sialylation, a type of glycosylation that occurs on cell surface proteins, lipids, and glycoRNAs, is known to accumulate in tumors and acts as a “cloak” to help tumor cells evade immunological surveillance. The role of sialylation in tumor proliferation and metastasis has become increasingly evident. With the advent of single-cell and spatial sequencing technologies, more research is being conducted to understand the effects of sialylation on immunity regulation.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Voltammetry in Studies on Drug and Alcohol Addictions
Drug and alcohol addictions are chronic psychiatric conditions, which are characterized by uncontrolled substance seeking and taking behaviors, and long-lasting vulnerability to relapse. A wealth of evidence demonstrated that altered dopamine signaling is involved in all stages of this psychopathology. Due to a high temporal resolution and sufficient chemical specificity, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was especially helpful in studying abnormalities in dopamine transmission in advanced animal models of addictions.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of α-Synuclein in Serotonin System Regulation
Pathologically, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the presence of intracellular inclusions, called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, composed mostly of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Much of PD research has focused on the role of α-Syn aggregates in the degeneration of SNc DA neurons due to the impact of striatal DA deficits on classical motor phenotypes. However, abundant Lewy pathology is also found in other brain regions including the midbrain raphe nuclei, which may contribute to non-motor symptoms. Indeed, dysfunction of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, which regulates mood and emotional pathways, occurs during the premotor phase of PD. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Multifunctional Nanoplatforms in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy
Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Potential Role of Circadian Clock in Cancer Evolution
Circadian rhythms, including sleep/wake cycles as well as hormonal, immune, metabolic, and cell proliferation rhythms, are fundamental biological processes driven by a cellular time-keeping system called the circadian clock. Disruptions in these rhythms due to genetic alterations or irregular lifestyles cause fundamental changes in physiology, from metabolism to cellular proliferation and differentiation, resulting in pathological consequences including cancer. Cancer cells are not uniform and static but exist as different subtypes with phenotypic and functional differences in the tumor microenvironment. At the top of the heterogeneous tumor cell hierarchy, cancer stem cells (CSCs), a self-renewing and multi-potent cancer cell type, are most responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis, chemoresistance, and mortality. Phenotypically, CSCs are associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which confers cancer cells with increased motility and invasion ability that is characteristic of malignant and drug-resistant stem cells. Recently, emerging studies of different cancer types, such as glioblastoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, and breast cancer, suggest that the circadian clock plays an important role in the maintenance of CSC/EMT characteristics.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Mutant p53 Secretome
p53 suppresses tumorigenesis by activating a plethora of effector pathways. While most of these operate primarily inside of cells to limit proliferation and survival of incipient cancer cells, many extend to the extracellular space. In particular, p53 controls expression and secretion of numerous extracellular factors that are either soluble or contained within extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. As part of the cellular secretome, they execute key roles in cell-cell communication and extracellular matrix remodeling. Mutations in the p53-encoding TP53 gene are the most frequent genetic alterations in cancer cells, and therefore, have profound impact on the composition of the tumor cell secretome.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening pulmonary condition characterized by the sudden onset of respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, dysfunction of endothelial and epithelial barriers, and the activation of inflammatory cascades. Despite the increasing number of deaths attributed to ARDS, a comprehensive therapeutic approach for managing patients with ARDS remains elusive. To elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying ARDS, numerous studies have employed various preclinical models, often utilizing lipopolysaccharide as the ARDS inducer. Accumulating evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathophysiology of ARDS. Both preclinical and clinical investigations have asserted the potential of antioxidants in ameliorating ARDS. 
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotection of Quercetin
Quercetin possess multiple pharmacological applications including anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antiapoptotic and anti-thrombotic activities, widely demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
WWOX Impairment in Neurological Disorders
There is an emerging role of the transcriptional regulator WW domain containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) in a number of neurological disorders including early-onset epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanism of WWOX function is still currently unknown.  
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Bladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Urinary bladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are classified into well-differentiated NENs, small-cell NENs, large-cell NENs, and paragangliomas.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Blood Flow in Microchannels
Blood flow in large arteries or biomedical devices can be treated as a homogenous fluid where its particulate nature can be ignored. However, in reality, blood is a suspension of deformable cells in a viscous fluid plasma. Hence, in microcirculation and microchannels, it is fundamental to take into account the effects of the multiphase properties of the blood and to study the blood flow behaviour at a cellular level. A clear example of the multiphase nature of the blood is the formation of a plasma layer (or cell-free layer) around the walls of the microchannels.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CircRNAs in Human Cancer
In human cancer, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were implicated in the control of oncogenic activities such as tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. The most widely described mechanism of action of circRNAs is their ability to act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) for miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs, thus impacting along their axis, despite the fact that a variety of additional mechanisms of action are emerging, representing an open and expanding field of study.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Heat Stress
Heat stress is a non-specific physiological response of the body when exposed to high ambient temperatures, which can break the balance of body redox and result in oxidative stress that affects growth performance as well as the health of animal and poultry species. Polyphenols have attracted much attention in recent years due to their antioxidant ability and thus, can be an effective attenuator of heat stress.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Inverted papillomas (IP) are the most common sinonasal tumor with a tendency for recurrence, potential attachment to the orbit and skull base, and risk of malignant degeneration into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While the overall rate of recurrence has decreased with the widespread adoption of high-definition endoscopic optics and advanced surgical tools, there remain challenges in managing tumors that are multiply recurrent or involve vital neurovascular structures. The World Health Organization has defined three subtypes of sinonasal Schneiderian papillomas: inverted, exophytic, and oncocytic lesions.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Experimental Studies of the Top-Quark FCNC Processes
A study of the top-quark interactions via flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) processes provides an intriguing connection between the heaviest elementary particle of the standard model (SM) of particle physics and the new scalar bosons that are predicted in several notable SM extensions. The production cross sections of the processes with top-scalar FCNC interactions can be significantly enhanced to the observable level at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. 
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Anoikis in Brief
Anoikis, a term rooted in the Greek word "anoikos," meaning homelessness. Anoikis is a fundamental process in cellular biology, orchestrating programmed cell death when cells lose their anchorage by detaching from the extracellular matrix (ECM) or surrounding tissue. Beyond its crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, anoikis is deeply intertwined with the complex landscape of cancer biology, metastasis, and tissue regeneration. We embark on a journey through the molecular mechanisms governing anoikis, highlighting its significance in normal physiological processes. However, when it comes to cancer, anoikis dysregulation emerges as a harbinger of disease progression. Cancer cells acquire the ability to evade anoikis, empowering them to navigate the challenges of metastasis by surviving in the bloodstream and colonizing distant organs. They exhibit invasive capabilities, infiltrating neighboring tissues and fueling local tumor expansion. Moreover, this resistance extends to therapeutic interventions, making cancer cells resilient to conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We also explore the mechanisms behind cancer cells' evasion of anoikis, shedding light on alterations in apoptotic pathways, activation of survival signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the role of autophagy in promoting survival during detachment. The promising realm of targeting anoikis resistance in cancer treatment is unveiled, with approaches including apoptosis inducers, inhibitors of survival signaling, anti-EMT therapies, and autophagy inhibitors. These strategies hold potential to restore anoikis sensitivity in cancer cells and curb metastasis, offering hope to patients battling this relentless disease. Comprehending anoikis and its dysregulation in cancer is a pivotal step toward developing innovative therapeutic interventions. By targeting anoikis resistance, we aim to improve treatment outcomes, overcome therapy resistance, and ultimately provide renewed hope to cancer patients facing this formidable adversary.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback